Methodology in action research Essay

conquer methods should be employed in the various stages of implementing a successful perform research strategy. I book selected the methods discussed below ground on their reliableness and cost among other important criteria. This research in a qualitative survey and aims at gathering enough data from the selected sample. The data lay in bequeathing then be subjected to qualitative analysis use the get hold of tools. This paper therefore seeks to gather relevant data from people who be led and those who practice leading in the selected organizations.The selection of the sample was based random sampling proficiency so as to avoid diagonal selection. This is also signifi dismisst in obtaining composite data that get out apprehension on a variety of organizations that practice leaders. For the fall inicipants in this research I arrive chosen managers of various organizations for instance the sales managers be usually the police squad leaders in the sales team theref ore they shtup provide the relevant data concerning leadership in their organization.I have also targeted to interview members of such team who atomic number 18 also candid of giving out data regarding to how they relate with their leaders and what they feel about(predicate) their current leadership . In an organization like a bevel I will target the sales representatives of customer dealing officers who are part of teams in that particular firm. Data collection The first technique I will use will be the available information. This will be found in books, magazines, journals, reports and the internet. I will go for this technique because I will not spend much besides the information being readily available.But I fear that issues regarding to confidentiality may hoist and I may also get incomplete information. The methods should also hold the appropriate demographic that is targeted in the research. Structured interviews in the form of questionnaires can best work at for co llecting pieces of information form that targeted group. This method is object glass and its validity is high. Written questionnaires permitted anonymity and made me get much true(p) replys from the respondents. The following are examples of questions to be included in the questionnaire What can you tell about leadership in your organization?Are there teams in your organization? Does your team leader understand the needs of the other members? assume you ever been a leader? Do you trust your leaders and are they open to their subjects? What do you think a good leader should have? Do the leaders in your organization understand men and women who work for the organization? Are you contended with the leadership in your organization in call of human relations? Do you think good human relations affects leadership in your organization? Oral interviews will also expend because they provide direct contact with the sources of information hence increasing validity.I also preferred this method because of its flexibility besides seeking clarification where doubts exist. If a respondent does not understand well a given question I can give him an example or pardon further before getting his/her response. There was a higher response in this method as compared to the written questionnaires where some respondents were asking for more time and some even check offed with their responses. The only problem I expect while using written questionnaires is that some respondents will correspond and some will not be honest enough.This is because as they delay with the questionnaires some of them will go consulting and therefore compromise some of the honorable values associated with the information they are supposed to supply. Data analysis This part is vital so as to establish the relevance of what has been gathered allow tools have to be used in this stage because the product will be used for interpretation I would prefer to use cadence graphs in the analysis because they are straightforward and can easily transmit the expected message. They are also very easy to construct using Ms Excel tools.Ms excel is able to choose antithetical types of bar graphs that will bring out clear comparisons between the variables. I will format the graph in such a panache that it will have different colors representing the views of the respondents on some of the questions concerning leadership in their organization for instance I can use Red, voluptuous and Green to represent Good, Fair and Bad leadership. This can be construe by whoever will be reading the report and reveal to him/her that the team members have a specific perception of how social intelligence affects leadership in the society.The bar graphs would be very useful especially when analyse between two or more variables. However one altercate with the bar graphs is that they will require some additional verbal or written explanation to accompany them. This will be a dispute because it will mean addi tional time will have to be created so as to provide the additional materials in terms of explanations. This will also result in more expenses because more effort will have to be put in.

Carib Notes

TOPIC Dancehall medicinal drug line of reasoning OF PROBLEM An investigation into the impact of dancehall music on the values and attitudes of teenagers between the ages 14-18years at Manchester High School. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is dancehall music? 2. What effects does dancehall music become on the attitudes and values of youth at Manchester High School? 3. Where dancehall music has a negative effect on the attitudes and values of teenagers, what measures can be implemented to alleviate this problem? 1) Male Female 2) Age 13- 15 16- 18 19- 21 22- 24 25- 27 28- 30 3) Do you take heed to dancehall music?YES NO 4) Which of the following options best describes your reason for listening to dancehall I enjoy it The music speaks about reality I dont know I grew up hearing it Other ________________________________________ 5) How often do you listen to dancehall music? ________________________________________ 6) Who is your favourite dancehall artist ________________________________ ________ 7) What is your favourite dancehall song ________________________________________ 8) Do you have a job? YES NO 9) How would you describe your performance in school?Excellent Good Average Fair Satisfactory unsatisfactory 10) Are you intimately active? YES NO 11) Do you believe that sexual content of some dancehall songs influence your sexuality Agree Strongly obligate Disagree Strongly Disagree 12) What do you think about homosexualism ________________________________________ 13) Do you think that Dancehall music perpetuates crime and violence within the Jamaican society? YES NO 14) Do you believe that most dancehall songs degrade women? YES NO 15) Do you believe that dancehall music strongly impacts your view of gender roles within the society? YES NO 16)

Olympic Games Ap World Dbq

Will someone check and lay let on my essay for me please The exceptional Games There are many factors that public figure the modern Olympic movement from 1892 to 2002. The original reason was so bulk of many people of different races, religions, or genders could come together and deal against each opposite in various competitions. The Olympics first started in 776 B. C. E. solely ended 393 C. E. they later started back up in 1892, that it was a bit different than in the beginning. Today, many of the factors that shaped the Olympics reflect what has changed and what has taken ad comely since the last games.Some examples would accommodate to do with women, the prudence, and gentlemans gentleman wars and other region battles. From 1892 to 2002, things unploughed changing around for women. In catalogue 2 you could see that from the course of study 1908, solely 2% of the Olympic athletes are women, the other 98% are all male. Those 2% of women were also give waying full c lothing the only skin that was allowed to be taken was their face and hands. From enumeration 8 in 1992, 29% of the athletes were women, this time about of them were adequate to(p) to show off their bodies and not wear as much clothing.The big difference in the percentage of women competing in the Olympics and the amount of clothing they wear shows a good reflection in the transformation of womens rights in the Olympics. Another reflection of the Olympics is the state of the economy. If you memorise document 5, it talks about a major from Japan cherished the 1964 games to be held in his country. Ryutaro Azuma wanted the games to be held in Tokyo because he believed that it would help the economy and the trades in Japan get stronger.It worked well and in document 7 you can see that Japan is one of the countries, as well as the United States, that gets selected to be one of nine of the sponsors for the 1988 Olympic Games. To be able to blend a sponsor, your country has to be a ble to avail itself of an opportunity to display its industrial and economic power to a worldwide televised audience. The author of the journal that wrote document 7 believed that becoming a sponsor would bring your country a lot of money. In document 9, it shows that more and more money is being spent on the media for the Olympics.These documents show that a factor of the Olympics is earning money for your country Japan invokes it and raised the economy and its trade power during the Olympic Games. In the 1940s, World War II happened, which is right in the middle of the time period of these documents. The war dealt primarily with the Nazis and the Americans. Being that both Germany and the United states were in the war, both countries mat same that had to win it all to show a dominance for their government and to prove who had the better athletes.Documents 3 and 4 both are point of views from capitalists but in document 3 it shows how the Nazis matte up about things. They had t he Olympic Games held at home and they wanted to win it. In a ski race, they wanted to prove that Nazism was the best Democracy. The downhill course was closed for practices before the race, but apparently Nazis practiced the course without anyone knowing. The Olympics were shaped as miserly things between the two nations, and they both clearly wanted something to prove. In document 4, instead of the Nazis being the enemy in the Olympics, it was the Soviets.In the 1952 games, the United States team snarl a lot of pressure because of the soviet team. It was during the Cold War and they felt like they just had to beat the Soviet team, whether they were good or enceinte, they felt they had to. In documents 1, 6, and 10, the people writing the documents wanted to show the whole world was these athletes are capable of. Pierre de Coubertin from document 1 felt that the Olympics should be used for a time of mollification and friendship between other nations. In document 6, it talks abo ut how the Soviets had a really bad reputation as communists.The Olympic committee wanted the Soviet Federal to be more peaceful and democratic. Document 10 deals with the feelings of a youthful nation that thinks they are as capable as the nation they stone-broke away from in competing in the Olympics. Pakistan wanted to break off from India and become nationalists, they felt that they would be able to compete in the Olympics and do just as well as the India. In the 1956 Olympics, the mens surface area hockey team finished second to its rivals from India, but greatly win their first gold medal in 1960. Unfortunately, the national team is not nearly as good as they were back then.To conclude, the Olympic Games have satisfied many goals from countries. The Olympics brought many people together and it eventually created peace in the world. If people closely studied the Olympic Games after interpretation those 10 documents, you could see that they have caused some problems in the world, but most of the good things out weigh the bad things with the Olympics. Many global events factored out and shaped the modern Olympic movement from 1892 to 2002, and they reflected the great well beings of the somatogenetic competition in it.

Mole Ratio of Chemical Reactions Essay

OBJECTIVEIn this experiment, you entrust feel the number of moles of reactants and products present in the response of crap and silvern grey process, and code their mole-to-mole ratio. The mole-to-mole ratio relating to the disappearance of bull and the formation of silver metal result be wontd to write the equilibrize par for the chemical reaction. The reaction of sloven metal with silver treat event is a single switching reaction, represented by the pursuance un fitd equality Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s) The values of the coefficients squirt be determined experimentally by measuring the mass of squealer conducting wire that reacts with the mass of silver that is defecated in the above reaction.BACKGROUND MATERIALS inevitableThe reaction of tomentum and silver treat in aqueous solution provides an interesting display of chemistry in action delicate silver crystals begin to grow on the wire surface and the colour of grunter(II) ions step by step appears in the solution. Stoichiometry is the area of chemistry that deals with the numerical relationships and mathematical proportions of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. One of the most important lessons of stoichiometry is that the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction are related to one another on a mole basis. Chemical reactions are normally represented by balanced chemical equations. The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation restate the relative number of moles of each reactant and product involved in a chemical reaction. The ratios of these coefficients represent the mole-to-mole (or simply mole) ratios that govern the disappearance of reactants and the appearance of products. cunning the mole ratios in a balanced chemical equation is natural to solving stoichiometry problems.General Chemistry 1Lab Acetone pig bed wire 3 M HNO3 AgNO3, silver nitrate 50 mL beaker 100 or 150 mL beaker Toothpick Stirring rod lavation bottle 50 mL m easuring cylinder SAFETY PRECAUTIONS nitric acid is a corrosive liquid and strong oxidizer. Silver nitrate is a corrosive solid and is toxic by ingestion it allow stain skin and clothes. Acetone is a flammable liquid parry contact with flames and other sources of ignition. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes, skin, and clothing. Wash custody thoroughly with soap and piss before leaving the laboratory area. scallywag 1 PROCEDURE 1. Obtain a clean, dry 50 mL beaker. Carefully add 1.40 1.60 g of silver nitrate crystals to the beaker. Caution use a spatula to transfer the solid. Do not touch the silver nitrate and carefully clean up any spilled material on the balance or the bench top. 2. cadency and spirit the exact mass of silver nitrate to the nearest 0.01 g. 3. Fill the beaker with 30 mL of distilled pee and match the mixture with a stirring rod until all the solid has dissolved. cleanse the stirring rod over the beaker with a little distilled water. 4. Take a pie ce of pig bed wire and loosely coil it. 5. Find the initial mass of the copper wire to the nearest 0.01 g and record it. 6. manipulation a toothpick to suspend the copper wire in the silver nitrate solution. The copper wire should not be touching the bottom or sides of the beaker. 7. Carefully add 3 drops of 3 M HNO3 to the beaker.Do not stir the solution. 8. Allow the beaker to sit on the lab bench for 15 minutes. Try not to jostle or jounce the suspended copper wire in any way. 9. Observe the signs of chemical reaction occurring in the beaker and record all observations. 10. While the reaction is taking perplex, label a 100 or 150 mL beaker with your name and class session. Measure and record the mass of this beaker. 11. After 15 minutes, gently lift the toothpick to take back the copper wire from the solution. 12. Holding the wire with the wooden toothpick, place the copper wire above the 100 or 150 mL beaker. launder the wire with a steady stream of distilled water from a purify off bottle. The silver crystals should easily fall off the wire into the beaker. Gently shake the wire and rinse with General Chemistry 1 Lab water until no more silver adheres to the wire. tone Use a check of about 40 mL of distilled water. 13. When all of the silver has been removed, lift the copper wire out of the beaker and place it in another beaker containing acetone.The acetone willing clean the wire surface and allow it to dry more quickly. pit Several groups can share this same rinse beaker of acetone. 14. Remove the copper wire from the acetone beaker and allow it to air dry for 3-4 minutes. 15. Measure and record the utmost mass of the copper wire. Note the appearance of the leftover wire and record your observations. 16. Examine the beaker containing the silver product. Most of the silver should have settled into a dense mass at the bottom of the beaker. Carefully stream the liquid into a waste flask to remove most of the water. Note Try not to lose any o f the solid in the process. 17. dust the solid with 5-10 mL of distilled water from a wash bottle. Decant the rinse water into the waste water flask as well. 18. Repeat the rinsing and decanting cycle with a second portion of distilled water. 19. Discard the waste water in the large beaker in the fumigate hood. 20. When all of the water has been decanted, place the labelled beaker containing the silver product on the warming tray in the fume hood. 21. Allow the solid to dry overnight.22. When the solid is dry, measure and record the final mass of the beaker plus silver solid. Page 2 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. Define a. legal philosophy of Conservation of Matter b. Molar mass c. Mole d. Stoichiometry e. Limiting reagent 2. purpose a. Using the balanced equation for the reaction of aluminum with iodine, answer the following questions 2 Al (s) + 3 I2 (s) Al2I6 (s) i. How many moles of Al2I6 are produced by the reaction of 4.0 mol of aluminum? ii. How many moles of I2 are required to re act exactly with 0.429 mol of aluminium? b. What mass of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, would be required to produce 16 g of the antacid milk of magnesia magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 by the reaction of magnesium chloride, MgCl2, with NaOH? MgCl2 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq) i. Which reactant is limiting? ii. How much water will the reaction produce? POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1. enter the mass and moles of copper wire that reacted in this experiment. display your calculations. 2. Calculate the mass and moles of the silver produced in this experiment. Show your calculations. 3. adjudicate the mole ratio the ratio of the number of moles of silver to the number of moles of copper. more or less the result to the nearest whole number. Show your calculations. 4. Use the silver/copper mole ratio to write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction of copper and silver nitrate. 5. What was the limiting reagent in this experiment? Show all calculations and explain your answer. 6. G iven what you know about copper, silver nitrate and this kind of single replacement reaction, what would you have predicted the balanced chemical equation to be? 7. Explain the possible differences between enquire 4 and Question 6. 8. Do the results of your experiment support the Law of Conservation of Matter? Explain. c. Calculate the mass of oxygen gas, O2, required for the combustion of 702 g of octane, C8H18. 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 (g) 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (l) d. A mixture of 5.0 g of H2 (g) and 10.0 g of O2 (g) is ignited. Water forms according to the following addition reaction 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (g) General Chemistry 1 Lab

Contribution Margin and Break Even Analysis

Many factors come into play in determining argumentation success. One of them is the financial factor. For a conjunction to set financial remnants it is decisive that its worry get it on in detail the products or table services they trade or post. This is the compend of two different scenarios at aunty Connies Cookies color (University of Phoenix, 2011) and the financial performance of Jamestown galvanic Supply club (Heiter, et. al. 2008). During two abridgment I applied concepts like unflinching and variable costs, portion marge, break-even point, sputum point, and operating leverage.aunt Connies Cookies Scenario SimulationThe Aunt Connies brand grew successfully producing lemon tree Creme and Mint cookies. maria Villanueva is the current chief executive officer of this family-owned company (University of Phoenix, 2011). She faces critical decisions to compensate because both the lemon creme and muckle cookies charges increased and gross revenue sight decrea sed. mare should rehearse several accounting concepts to r all(prenominal) her goal of increasing gross changes and revenue for the company. Some opport unities and altercates lined up for Aunt Connies Cookies like large mess redacts and the buyout of a competitors factory (University of Phoenix, 2011).A send awaydymaker commissi unmatchedd Aunt Connies Cookies to fill a bulk order of one million packages of the Real Mint cookies delivered in one months time. The stipulations of the order weights greatly on the company as the confectioner will only repair $1. 20 per package, which is much cheaper than the mass market selling at $1. 50 per packet. Rejecting the order may seem foolish as Aunt Connies Cookies has the susceptibility to produce the order, and could be missing out on a uncorrupted opportunity if she declines to fill the order (University of Phoenix, 2011).In deciding which cookies production to reduce, Maria took into account the concepts of parting margin, uni t contribution margin, and operating amplifications. This decision was essential to create sufficient capacity to accommodate the mint cookies bulk order. The contribution margin is the amount of money that remians from the revenue obtained subsequently sales to turn out for fixed expenses and to contribute to the operating lolly after deducting variable expenses. Alternatively, the unit contribution margin of from each one unit sales, in this case each pack of cookies adds to derive.Finally, operating avail is the profit earned from a companys marrow squash business operations, also known as earnings forrader divert and tax (EBIT). Maria calculated the contribution margin and the unit contribution margin for each type of cookie, determined to reduce the production of lemon creme cookies and to increase the production capacity for the bulk order of real mint cookies. Maria can sell mint cookies at $1. 20 per package, beneath the selling price of $1. 50 because the real min t cookies stomach a greater total contribution margin and that the lemon cream cookies provides a greater unit contribution margin.Maria knew that Aunt Connies Cookies should produce much of the cookies with the greater contribution margin per unit to maximize the shops operating profit. If the scenario changed, and the bulk order was for lemon cookies, Maria would take aim to turn over the order to the confectioner. The unit contribution margin for the lemon cookies is smaller and Maria would pass water to increase the production capacity to make the same operating profit as for the mint cookies, to the point of going beyond the factorys production capacity. Maria faced the opportunity to buy a peanut butter cookie plant.She could use this plant to make more lemon creme cookies because the near-term demand exceeded 600,000 packs. The challenge for Maria is to make a decision about(predicate) going out front or not with this business (University of Phoenix, 2011). If the new p lant has a break-even hoi polloi of creme cookies of 650,000 packs, Maria must ensure that Aunt Connies Cookie shop sales the same amount of packs or more. If the business sales less, it will make a loss, if it sells more, it will be a profit. The break-even point in flock is the point where the plants fixed expenses are covered.In the case that Maria considers Aunt Connies Cookie shop cannot sell that much, she may ensure viability of the plant by (1) trying to reduce the fixed costs (e. g. renegotiating rent, reducing telephone bills, insurance, etcetera ), (2) trying to reduce variable costs (e. g. purchasing at humiliate cost the ingredients used to make cookies), or (3) increasing the selling price of the cookies. Any of these strategies can reduce the break-even point in rule book. In the slash of the scenarios, Maria should not buy the peanut butter cookie plant. light upon Learning Points.During the simulation I applied several concepts such as contribution margin, br eak-even point, fixed and variable costs, indifference point, and operating leverage. All these concepts have-to doe with and form part of the cost volume profit epitome tool. The cover of these concepts by managers swear out organizations attain good financial performance. Cost volume profit analysis (CVP analysis) is a powerful tool that can help managers in understanding better the relationship that exists among the cost, the volume, and the profit in a business.Managers can make good business decision if they concentrate in trying to understand the interaction that exists among (1) the prices of product or services, (2) the level of activity, (3) the volume of product , (4) the variable cost per unit, (4) the total fixed costs and (5) and the concoction of the product or services. Business decision may be about changes to companys pricing policy, selection of a marketing strategy to use, choosing which products to manufacture or services to provide, and even about the acqui sion of new companies. The break-even point (BEP) is one subdivision of CVP analysis.BEP is the level of output at which the profit is zero. Break even analysis helps managers determine how far sales can decline before their companies trigger to lose money. The indifference point is the volume at which costs for both labor-intensive operations and equipment intensive operations are equal. When volumes increase, revenues increase. However, the presence of lour variable costs per unit in equipment-intensive operations ensures that the operating profits increase more satisfyingly when compared to labor-intensive operations.Equipment-intensive operations have high fixed costs and lower variable costs per until when compared to labor -intensive operations. Jamestown Electric Supply bon ton. Jamestown Electric Supply Company has been in business for 45 years. The company designs, manufactures, and delivers electrical supplies in various forms to different type of businesses. Jamesto wn invested intemperately in research and development of automotive electronic technology to provide its customers with modern functionality, safety, and performance.Jamestown products have outstanding features that create competitive advantage to commodities that customers love as standard features on all automobiles. Jamestown has hundreds of diverse contracts with different divisions and plants of each of the major automobile manufacturers. Most of the contracts show good gross profit margin on sales, but others do not show satisfying bottom-line profits or show no profit. Although Jamestowns sales, continue to rise, profit declined in the period under analysis from 2003 to 2007 as showed on Exhibit One.Jamestown fall out managers believe that if sales growth remained positive, the problems with the profit would resolve. Warehousing and shipping managers signify that customer service expenses are out of control and causing significant cost increases for the company. Jamestown customer services include overnight delivery of electronic component products, just-in-time inventory deliveries to clients plants, warehousing of client parts, special part stick up services, and many other customer services designed to gain and discover clients. Exhibit One. Jamestown Electric Supply Company Income Statements for 2003 to 2007.Electric Supply Company financial performance is in jeopardy and top management have to change its customer service policy and marketing strategy after carefully analyzing the information obtained after performing a CVP analysis. The focus of the analysis should be in understanding the relationship between product price, volume, per unit variable cost, and the mix of products sold by Jamestown Electric.Calculating the contribution margin on the products which Jamestown Electric sales will allow management to know more in detail how much each unit sale will contribute to the company profit. Calculating the break-even point will provide info rmation about which products do not bring either profit or loss, and about how far sales can decrease before Jamestown Electric starts to lose money. James Electric product cost twist has a higher percentage of variable costs than in fixed costs, which involves less operating leverage or risk. One of he options management should consider is to closely monitor the variable expenses incurred by customer service in order to increase the company profits.Jamestown Electrical Supply Company management will definitely benefit from setting a weak schedule to analyze contribution margins either monthly or every quarter to track product margin performance more accurately. Conclusion Managers can help their organizations achieve a good financial performance when they apply basic accounting concepts in their business strategic plans. Knowing the be relationship between these concepts contribute to ensure their organizations financial success.

Iso 9000, Service Quality and Ergonomics Stanislav Karapetrovic

To cite this document Stanislav Karapetrovic, (1999),ISO 9000, assistant select and bio engine room, Managing Service prime(prenominal), Vol. 9 Iss 2 pp. 81 89 Permanent bear on to this document http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/09604529910257948 Downloaded on 17-10-2012 References This document teachtains attendences to 27 other documents Citations This document has been cited by 3 other documents To copy this document e put upprotected com This document has been downloaded 1952 clippings since 2005. * Users who downloaded this oblige also downloaded *Rujirutana Mandhachitara, Yaowalak Poolthong, (2011),A model of node loyalty and corporate neighborly responsibility, Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 25 Iss 2 pp. 122 133 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/08876041111119840 Harold W. Webb, Linda A. Webb, (2004),SiteQual an integrated banner of Web site flavor, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 17 Iss 6 pp. 430 440 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17410390410566724 Ra biul Ahasan, Daniel Imbeau, (2003),Who belongs to bioengineering? An examination of the clement factors community, Work Study, Vol. 52 Iss 3 pp. 123 128 http//dx. doi. org/10. 1108/00438020310471917Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF GAZA For Authors If you would the like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please usage our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines argon available for either. Please visit www. emeraldinsight. com/ precedents for more(prenominal) randomness. About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com With over twoscore years experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of spheric research with impact in business, society, public policy and breeding.In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as tumefy as an extensive wind of online fru its and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a colleague of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also drop deads with Portico and the LOCKSS hatchway for digital archive preservation. *Related larntent and download information represent at time of download. Perspectives ISO 9000, service fictitious character and bioengineering Stanislav Karapetrovic 1. Introduction In the last decade or so, we have witnessed an explosion of fiber- cerebrate threadb atomic number 18s and regulations.As a give of the continuous quest for better theatrical role of harvest-tides and services offered to clients, the International presidency for Standardization introduced the ISO 9000 series of persona caution and calibre agency standards in 1987. The series presently acknowledges three models for tonus assumption (ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003), guidelines for prime(a) management (ISO 9004), and two supporting documents ISO 900 0 Guidelines for Models Selection and Use and ISO 8402 tint Vocabulary ( calculate 1). The ISO 9000 standards have been accepted worldwide, with more than 200,000 organizations already registered.The standards present a sound ground for assuring the guest of look of products and services, as well as the processes that create them. Several other pure tone-related standards have since emerged, such as the automotive standards QS 9000, environmental management standards ISO 14000, and emerging health and inviolablety multinationalist standards (Figura, 1996). The upcoming revision of ISO 9000 standards in the year 2000 (now in the form of a Technical Committee Draft) is expected to further facilitate the use of quality assurance methods the world over.Another comm entirely used phrase from the 1980s and mid-nineties has been total quality management (TQM) an integrated cuddle to the management of quality with special emphasis on delighting customers and improving the wellb eing of alone employees in the organization. A number of articles have been written on the semblanceship amid the ISO 9000 series and TQM (Johnson, 1993 Struebing, 1996 Wilson, 1996 Velury, 1996 Corigan, 1994 Sakofsky, 1994 Emmons, 1994), underlying the opinion of quality management professionals that the two ar not quite the same.While ISO 9000 series atomic number 18 technical, presenting speci?cations, requirements and guidelines for quality arrangements, TQM emphasizes team land and customer satisfaction. posture other way, TQM is quality management with a tender touch. Does this spurious that ergonomic aspects of the workplace and customer satisfaction atomic number 18 not show by ISO 9000? Does quality assurance (ISO 9000) emphasize ergonomics and 81 The author Stanislav Karapetrovic is based at the Department of Industrial Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.Keywords ergonomics, ISO 9000, tonus assurance, Service quality, Workers repeal This paper oral communicationes more or less ergonomic issues in the ISO 9000-based quality assurance. ergonomics the direct of benignant factors in engineering and design of remainss is brie?y touched on. Then, outlines of ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 quality organization models be provided, and whole 20 requirements of the current ISO 90019004 standard are presented in an ergonomic light. Subsequently, charitable factors in the documentation and implementation of a quality administration are illustrated.The relevance of ergonomic studies in the cultivation of service systems is addressed. Finally, a blueprint for an ergonomic assurance system, de?ned as a sort out of interrelated resources and processes that function in order to fulfill objectives related to ergonomic design and use of products and processes, is provided. Managing Service Quality Volume 9 Number 2 1999 pp. 8189 MCB University Press 0960-4529 Figure 1 ergonomics an essential element of the prod uction and/or service systemRaw cloth RESOURCES Ergonomics PROCESS PRODUCT Output Input Ergonomics speak to ERGONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS occupational health and sentry go? In the present time of globalization of markets and internationalization of best-practice standards, such questions butt end and should be posed. This paper addresses many of the ergonomic issues in the ISO 9000-based quality assurance. Ergonomics, that is the field of battle of human factors in engineering and design of systems, is brie?y touched on.Then, outlines of ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 quality system models are provided, and all 20 requirements of the current ISO 90019004 standard are presented in an ergonomic light. Subsequently, human factors in the documentation and implementation of a quality system are illustrated. The relevance of ergonomic studies in the readiness of service systems is addressed. Finally, the design of an ergonomic assurance system based on ISO 9000 is dis cussed. 2. Ergonomics It becharmms that it takes a disaster, difference of human life, or a health crisis for most of us to attend how important human factors are.Before the Three Mile Island incident, the Chernobil explosion, the Bhopal pesticide leak, plane crashes involving human errors, or ?ndings that millions of stack suffer from repetitive stress injuries, it would have been hard to ?nd any superstar who knew what ergonomics or human factors engineering are (not including the ergonomists themselves, of course). Today, however, we often call for about ergonomicallydesigned computer mouse and keyboard, 82 ergonomic chairs, pots, pans, door handles, and self-regulating teller machines (ATM).We now know that ergonomic design of products and processes is bsolutely crucial for effectual and ef?cient work. Ergonomics, or human factors engineering, roll in the hays with the design for human use, as well as optimizing working and living conditions (Sanders and McCormick, 199 3). The ?rst term (ergonomics) is mainly in use in Europe, while the second (human factors engineering) is often heard in North America. The by-line de?nition, modi?ed from Chapanis (1985), is provided Ergonomics discovers and applies information about human behavior, limitations, abilities and other human characteristics to the design of systems for ef?cient, safe, comfortable and effective human use.Interested lectors are referred to a unadulterated in ergonomics, Sanders and McCormicks Human factors in engineering and design (1993), for more information on the history of the science and a detailed study of many applications of ergonomics. Ergonomics, almost by default, is implied in quality assurance. Quality assurance encompasses techniques used to provide con?dence to customers that their requirements for quality are met. Therefore, by de?nition, human factors are involved. Assurances in the quality of products and services are provided to humans, by humans.In fact, ergonomi cs and quality assurance are so intertwined that it is impossible to say where one starts and the other ends. Several articles in ergonomics literature have already discussed the use of quality assurance techniques in human factors engineering (for instance, see Helander and Burri, 1995 Bergquist and Abeysekera, 1996). For an early account on human factors in quality assurance, the reader is referred to Harris and Chaney (1969). Hence, in the following sections, inter descents surrounded by ergonomics and quality assurance will be addressed. 3.Quality Assurance (ISO 9001) and Management (ISO 9004) Of the three available models for quality system registration, ISO 9001 is undoubtedly the most comprehensive and most widely used. The current var. (ISO 9001 1994), embroils 20 elements (requirements), to which a quality assurance system of an organization is pass judgmented ( get across I). ISO 9001 covers design, schooling, production, initiation and servicing activities. It is ai med at providing con?dence to internal and outside customers that their requirements for quality are continuously met.An organizations anagement is the main internal customer, while external customers include consumers of the organizations products and services, as well as registrars that assess the suitability and effectiveness of the quality system. ISO 9001 is a generic standard, which means that it is universally applicable to both manufacturing and service organizations, i. e. small businesses (Karapetrovic et al. , 1997), health care and education (Willborn and Cheng, 1994). Rather than focusing on speci?c products and services, ISO 9001 addresses quality systems and processes in?uencing the product throughout its life rhythm method.A quality system can be de?ned as a commit of processes that function harmoniously, using various resources, to achieve quality objectives (Karapetrovic and Willborn, 1998A). It is in the interaction of human, material and information resources, as well as human resources and processes, that the ergonomic aspects of the quality system emerge. Focusing on the underlying belief of a system will help us perceive the interrelationships between the quality and ergonomic system, and provide a possibility for integration.Apart from ISO 9001, a set of guidelines numbered ISO 9004 is widely used for ontogeny and implementing quality 83 management. The set currently consists of eight documents, ranging from the guidelines on quality management in service organizations to con?guration and project management. For the purpose of discussing an ergonomic system in services, we turn our help to the second document in the series, namely the ISO 9004-2 (1994) Quality management and quality system elements Guidelines for services).In essence very similar in ambit and structure to ISO 9001, ISO 9004-2 provides guidelines for establishing quality management throughout the service life cycle, jump from establishing the need for a service, through service design, acquisition of resources, service pitching and stead, as well as coifance abbreviation and improvement. Differing from ISO 9001, these guidelines directly address interfaces with customers, including creating a perception of the eliminate image based on the existence of actions taken to meet customers needs (ISO 9004-2 1994).Effective communication with customers, listening to them and keeping them certified, is particularly emphasized. What is also important from an ergonomic standpoint is that the guidelines provide the basis for comely training of personnel, including motivation, staff development and communication. Although the training mentioned at that placein for the most part involves quality system training, it could be expanded to environmental, health and sentry go, and ergonomic system training.For different strategies of using the quality system framework for maturation other management systems, including environment and ergonomics, t he reader is referred to Karapetrovic and Willborn (1998B and 1998C). In addition to ISO 9004-2, another standard from the ISO 9004 series, namely ISO 9004 Part 1 Guidelines for quality management and quality system elements, addresses nearly particular ergonomic aspects. This is done in the standards 19th element Product safety. Speci?cally, it is suggested that consideration be presumption to identifying safety aspects of products and processes with the aim of enhancing safety (ISO 9004-1 1994).Steps to achieve this can include identifying applicable safety standards commiting design evaluation exams for safety analyzing instructions and warnings to the substance absubstance abuser Table I Ergonomic issues and implications of ISO 9001 (1994) ISO 9001 element 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 Management responsibility Quality system Contract review Ergonomic issues Organization plugs that the quality policy is understood at all levels Procedures and work instructions are effectively attested /implemented Customer requirements are adequately de?ned and documentedImplications Quality system documentation should be designed and implemented using ergonomic (human factors engineering) knowledge Ergonomic characteristics of a product, such as environmental conditions, sensory characteristics proper handling and publicity should be determine (see Bergquist and Abeysekera, 1996 Helander and Burri, 1995 Barsky and Dutta, 1997) Products should be ergonomically designed to ensure healthy and safe functioning Quality system documents should be accessible . 4 4. 5 Design give Document control 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 purchasing Control of customer supplied product Product identi?cation and traceability Process control 4. 10 inspection and examination 4. 11 Inspection and test equipment 4. 12 Inspection and test status 4. 13 nonconformist product 4. 14 strict and antifertility action 4. 15 Handling, storage, , delivery 4. 16 Control of quality records 4. 17 Internal quality audits 4. 18 Training 4. 19 ServicingCrucial characteristics for safe and proper functioning of the product are identi?ed Appropriate documents are readily available at all locations where essential operations are performed Purchasing documents adequately address speci?ed requirements Adequate maps for storage and fear of the product are in place Product is adequately identi?ed and traceable Suitable equipment and working environment are used Criteria for wiliness is stipulated in the clearest practical manner Records clearly illustrate the results of inspection and testing activities Suitable indicators of calibration status are identi?ed Inspection and test status of the product is identi?ed by suitable means Nonconforming products are adequately identi?ed and segregated Appropriate sources of information are used to detect and eliminate potential/ existing causes of defects Adequate handling, storage, packaging, preservation and delivery of the product is identi?ed and maintained Qu ality records are adequately identi?ed, indexed, ?led and storedQuality records are easily accessible Quality audits are performed to evidence the suitability and effectiveness of the quality system Training needs are identi?ed and adequate training provided Appropriate identi?cation of servicing needs and customer feedback is performed Ergonomic techniques can be used to ensure clear mind of documents Safe and risk-free storage and maintenance of products is emphasized Identi?cation of products should be performed tally to ergonomic guidelines regulations For identi?cation and maintenance of the suitable working environment and computer computer hardware, ergonomic psychoanalysis and evaluations must be performed Identi?cation of products and equipment should be performed according to ergonomic guidelines and regulations (for example, see Sanders and McCormick, 1993 (part 2), and Harris and Chaney, 1070 (chapters 6-11)Ergonomical analysis of human-information interaction is hel pful (for instance, see Sanders and McCormick, 1993 (part 2) Ergonomical design and analysis of handling and packaging of products should be used Ergonomic techniques can be used to ensure clear mind of documents, and accessibility of records Ergonomic audits/evaluations, identifying areas for possible improvement of human-machineproduct-environment interactions are performed Ergonomic training should be emphasized Ergonomic characteristics of a product, such as environmental conditions, sensory characteristics proper handling and packaging should be situated (see Bergquist and Abeysekera, 1996 Helander and Burri, 1995 Barsky and Dutta, 1997)Statistical tools and techniques are used in ergonomic analysis and evaluations 4. 20 Statistical techniques The need for the application of statistical techniques is identi?ed 84 developing a means of product traceability to facilitate product recall considering development of an emergency plan The following section will address some ergono mic factors in the ISO 9001/9004 quality system structure, as well as suggest implementation of this system with ergonomics in mind. 4. Ergonomic considerations of ISO 9001/9004 Quality systems depicted in ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 standards apply to all phases in the life cycle of a service, from initial identi?cation to ?nal satisfaction of customer requirements.The concept of all activities in?uencing the quality of a service throughout its life cycle is often referred to as the service quality curl (ISO 9004-2, 1994). Thus, a service quality system involves three main elements (1) service (2) processes along the quality loop and (3) resources. Likewise, ergonomic considerations within a service quality system include Ergonomic design and delivery of service (and/or related products). Ergonomic design and application of processes. Analysis of the interaction between human and information/material resources Using Figure 1, it is possible to explain how quality and ergonomics inter relate in a quality system. Each product or service made possesses certain characteristics.For example, service quality is a set of characteristics that bear on the services ability to satisfy customer requirements. Ergonomic characteristics of products / services provide safe, healthy and ef?cient usage and/or delivery. It is unmingled that some ergonomic characteristics of a product (or service) are essentially quality characteristics (such as the design of the drivers seat in a car), and vice-versa. Also, service delivery processes have to satisfy certain requirements that may be ergonomic in nature. For example, the environment in which retail- banking companying services operate may be altered to provide safety for a bank teller working in it. Finally, ergonomic issues emerge when human, material and informa85 ion resources are combine to create a quality system.The current ISO 9001 quality system has a multitude of elements that are directly applicable to managing ergonomic s and health/safety. Table I lists all 20 elements of ISO 9001 in the order in which they turn out in the standard, illustrates sections and speci?c requirements which pertain to ergonomics, and provides ergonomic implications of the quality system. The implications range from adequate identi?cation of customer ergonomic requirements, ergonomically suitable design of products, services and processes, to identi?cation and maintenance of appropriate working environment and equipment.Such analysis of the ISO 9001 quality system shows that virtually all(prenominal) element of the system includes at least some ergonomic and/or health and safety aspects. This conclusion, however, is not surprising, since ultimately, quality is created by people, and for people. Not only does the content of ISO 9001 relate to human factors (Hansen, 1996), but also its context. A quality system must be adequately documented and implemented in order to operate effectively and ef?ciently. Quality documentat ion, as a linchpin of the quality system, must be understood and readily available to all persons whose work affects quality, as well as understood by all involved. Ergonomically designed documentation will undoubtedly help people understand their tasks better and improve their performance.New technologies, such as head-up-displays (Geiselman and Osgood, 1995 Karapetrovic, 1995), computer-aided communication (through electronic mail and the Internet) can greatly improve the implementation of a quality system in any organization. Examples include Operators using HUDs for display of quality procedures and work instructions. Paperless ISO 9000 documentation, i. e. documents available on-line using HTML or Java (Clarkin and Dow, 1997). radio electronic mail for reporting and analysis of quality-related problems. The following section addresses the implementation of human factors engineering in services, using ?nancial services as an example, in more detail. 5. Ergonomics and servic es How do ergonomics relate to service quality systems?To answer that question, we can follow the above-mentioned service quality loop from the inception of the need for service, to the evaluation of whether that need has been satis?ed. In figure a quality service, we must ?rst identify the need for it, as well as ?nd out who would actually need such a service. Put another way, we are de?ning the user and his/her needs. For instance, say we sine qua non to open a bank first in a specialized location. Do local bank users really need a branch there? What exactly do they need? Perhaps they need investment funds services, or easy access to cash, or mortgage consultations. Sanders and McCormick (1993) and Bailey (1982) de?ne the identi?cation of user needs through observation, interviews and questionnaires as ergonomic activities that apply here.Psychology-based tools of ergonomics deal in particular with an effective and ef?cient aspiration of user needs. The service system is subs equently designed on the basis of identi?ed needs. We have determined that local users require access to money from their accounts as well as the possibility of discussing investments. Now, we need to allocate resources to required banking functions. These resources include people (bank employees), hardware (automatic teller machines (ATM), computers) and software. Which particular functions should we assign to people, and which to machines? For instance, for easy access to cash, we would assume that a 24hour ATM would be appropriate.However, what if most of the banks clients are seniors, who are mum not accustomed to trusting machines in dealing with deposits or withdrawals, or if the bank is located in a place where people prefer customer service and contact with bank tellers rather than machines? Ergonomic studies help us in determining speci?c capabilities of people, hardware and software, and can provide signi?cant assistance in allocating system functions. Then, we can try w hether to completely automate certain functions, or to assign people to perform them, or use both machines and people. For example, a bank may finalise to allow withdrawals of less than $1,000 from an ATM. If a customer wants to withdraw more than that, he/she would have to go to a bank teller. 86Once we have decided which resources the bank should have (say three ATMs, four tellers and two investment advisors), we need to perform an analysis of the required processes, activities and tasks. Put another way, we are listing the ecological succession of activities that need to be conducted in order to accomplish a speci?c function. Flowcharts are particularly helpful here. For instance, we can specify a procedure for cash withdrawals from the bank. This, in ergonomics, is called task description and analysis (Sanders and McCormick, 1993). Whenever we have some interaction between people and hardware or software, such as when a teller needs to input withdrawal information into the dat abase, there are ergonomic implications.For example, in the bank where I normally do my ?nancial transactions, computer monitors and keyboards are placed so low in relation to the counter, that the teller needs to bend down all time he/she inputs the information, virtually disappearing behind the counter. Just imagine how many clock the teller needs to bend like that every day, every week, every month. Put another way, in designing the work space for employees, e. g. placing customer service counters and computers in determined locations, allocating space for safety deposit boxes, and so forth , we inevitably in?uence the comfort, safety and ef?ciency of people working in such spaces. All these are ergonomic considerations that can in?uence the quality of the product or service.The likely reason why tellers in my bank still have to bend down to reach the computer is that it was probably never de?ned as a problem at all. The existence of an ergonomic political program within the bank, with planned ergonomic audits and corrective actions, would certainly identify and refine such a problem. But how can such a program be introduced with minimum cost and maximum bene?ts? Perhaps the solution is in the integration of the existing quality system with an ergonomic program. The integration of quality and environment management systems came naturally, since standards representing best practices were effectively established at the international level (namely ISO 9000 and ISO 14000).This should also be the case with occupational health and safety (OHS), since national and international OHS standards, dubbed ISO 20000 (Figura, 1996) are already emerging. The following section presents an approach to the development of an ergonomic assurance system on the basis of the quality system. 6. Ergonomics assurance system As was mentioned in Section 3 of this paper, the systems concept can greatly assist us in understanding the interrelationships of many production and managem ent processes, among others, quality and ergonomics. For an excellent account of the relationship between ergonomics and the system design, the interested reader can refer to Sanders and McCormick (1993), Chapter 22. While the pplication of the systems concept to service quality is presented elsewhere (Karapetrovic and Willborn, 1998A), it can be used to propose an ergonomic assurance system. We can de?ne ergonomic assurance as all those planned and systematic actions aimed at providing con?dence to customers, management and the general public, that their requirements and needs for ergonomically safe products and processes are met.An ergonomic assurance system is then a set of processes and resources that function harmoniously to achieve objectives related to ergonomic design and implementation of products and processes.Note Proposed EAS elements are given in bold letters, while numbers represent sections of the ISO 9004-2 Guidelines 87 Similarly to the ISO 140011996 environmental m anagement system, an ergonomic assurance system can include Demings plan-dostudy-act (PDSA) continuous improvement circle, with the following elements Ergonomic objectives. Planning and design (ergonomic aspects, targets, determination of system performance speci?cations, ergonomic system design). Resource acquisition and deployment (allocation of functions to people, hardware and software task analysis, design of jobs and human-hardware-software interfaces training). performance (ergonomic control, monitoring and measurement). Corrective/preventive action (ergonomic audits). Improvement (ergonomic evaluations, communication with interested parties. Interested parties may include customers, for ergonomic characteristics of the product/service, and employees, for ergonomics of the workplace). Rather than adding speci?c ergonomic and safety requirements to existing quality standards (Barsky and Dutta (1997) suggest this), a separate ergonomic system standard can be drafted, and t hen integrated with existing quality management systems. Using the de?nition and the model of a quality system from Karapetrovic and Willborn (1998C), proposed elements of the ergonomic management system (EMS) can be illustrated as in Figure 2.For example, the executive management of an organization should de?ne an ergonomic policy that is documented and communicated to all employees. Ergonomic aspects of all activities and processes within the organization should be identi?ed and speci?c objectives and targets set. An ergonomic management program should be de?ned and documented, and adequate resources allocated. Operation of the EMS should include a statement of responsibility and authority of people involved, identi?cation of training needs and a provision of adequate ergonomic training, and preparation of adequate EMS documentation. Corrective and preventive action to eliminate existing and potential problems should be undertaken, and ergonomic audits would assist in this effort. Finally, the executive management should review the status of the EMS, includ88 ing its effectiveness, suitability, and conformance to the requirements. 7. Conclusion This paper addressed some of the ergonomic issues in the ISO 9000-based quality assurance for services. Outlines of ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 quality system models were provided, followed by a interchange of the content of the ISO 9001 standard considering ergonomics and human factors. Ergonomic implementation of a quality system was subsequently addressed. Finally, possible development of an ergonomic assurance system on the basis of ISO 9001 and systems theory was presented. Further research into the development of ergonomic assurance systems is suggested.

Is college worth it? Essay

In the article, Are Colleges Worth the worth of Admission? by Andrew taxi and Claudia Dreifus, the authors did research on several colleges around the country to fulfill whether our coronation on higher education is re ally worth the money that we buckle under for it. The authors believe that universities are the ones responsible for the doubling of study costs compared to what they utilise to be , and not fulfilling the most important objective to learners which is to challenge the minds of young the great unwashed (180).In the article, Hacker and Dreifus outline many things they think would help improve slightly of the problems in the college system and a few universities that they care, and tell us wherefore these schools attain won their favor. being an incoming freshman at Grambling State University, Ive been able to see some of the issues universities can have from budget cuts, to problems with the G- men football team.The of import problem Ive had here were wit h professors whove gotten ahead or above themselves because of their direct and tenure. I do contain, however, with Hacker and Dreifus when they said some professors have no reasons to improve their teaching (181).Some of my professors atGrambling State University are wonderful, were some arent as wonderful. Some professors come to class when they get ready, sense of smell in their book and write some on the board and spill the beans the whole class epoch without really teaching us anything. I believe all teachers, no matter what their tenure level is have to remember their main role as a teacher. I agree that it is frustrating if youre attending a college that expects you to pay a tuition that the college isnt worth. Hacker and Dreifus reinforce that college is suppose to be a playfulness journey were you live, get new ideas, and information.In the article The new-fashioned well-favoured Arts, Sanford J. Ungar thinks that a sluttish education is what Americans should try t o get, not deny. Ungar do 7 points addressing the 7 misconceptions made in his article. The first misconception A liberal arts degree is a luxury that most families can no longer afford. Career education is what we now must focus on (190). Ungar argues with that misconception by precept jobs are actually looking for people who are educated in liberal arts instead of on particularised subject because it produces better broader thinking.The second misconception saysstudents are having a hard sequence finding a job because who wants to hire somebody with an irrelevant major like Philosophy or French? (191). Ungar quickly argues that not further are liberal art students are having a hard time finding jobs, but everyone else is also because of the failing economy. The third misconception says liberal arts are irrelevant for low-income and first-generation college students. Ungar says, Its ignorant to think just because a student is first generation dont mean they cant receive the same education. The fourth misconception says that a student should focus on the stem fields because thats where allthe action is (192). Ungar argues this by saying that sometime the liberal arts take part in the course of study parts of sciences and mathematics. The fifth misconception says its the liberal democrats, who got this country into trouble in recent years. Ungar argues that liberal education really doesnt have anything to do with politics.The sixth misconception says America is the only country in the world that clings on to old form of post secondary education. Ungar argues this misconception by saying people from other countries are coming to the United States to admire our education like China. Finally the seventh misconceptionsays that the cost of American higher education is coiling out of control, and liberal-arts colleges are becoming irrelevant because they are unable to account gains in productivity.Ungar argues this by saying if you choose a pocketable liber al arts school youll get more one on one with professors which will lead to more thinking from students. So why does any of this matter? We as college students are putting a dance band of money, time, and effort into our education. We should get our moneys worth, and enjoy the experience of it all while we can whether we chose liberal arts major or an S. T. E. M major program.Were not all individuals attending these colleges, but a 1 / 2 generation who all want to make it and be boffo in life so it matters Work Cited Dreifus, Claudia and Hacker, Andrew. Are Colleges worth the Price of Admission? They study/I Say The Moves that Matter in donnish Writing. 2nd ed. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, and Russel Durst. New York. W. W. Northon, 2012 179-188. Print Sanford J. Ungar. The New Liberal Arts They Say/I Say The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. 2nd ed. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, and Russel Durst. New York. W. W. Northon, 2012 190-196. Print POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Job Description of School Counselors

According to the U.S. Department of Labors Occupational Outlook Handbook, in the broadest sense, counselors assist sight with personal, family, educational, mental health, and life story decisions and problems. Their duties depend on the individuals they serve and on the settings in which they work.In instill settings-elementary through post secondary these professionals are ordinarily called school counselors. Their role is to work with students, including those considered to be at risk and with fussy needs. They advocate for students and work with new(prenominal) individuals and organizations to resurrect the academic, career, and personal and friendly exploitation of children and youths. School counselors help children and youth understand and deal with social, behavioral, and personal problems (U.S. Dept. Labor, 2005).vocational counselors, also called employment or career counselors, primarily pop the question career counseling. These individuals are located both withi n and external to the school setting. Their chief(prenominal) focus is supporting individuals of all ages and backgrounds with their occupational decisions. Vocational counselors explore and try the clients education, training, employment history, interests, talents, and personality traits, and arrange for aptitude and achievement tests to assist in making career decisions (U.S. Dept. Labor, 2005).Marriage and family counselors are trained to support individuals, hearty partners, family groups, couples, or organizations to resolve turned on(p) and psychological conflicts. They work toward altering wads perceptions and behaviors, enhancing talk and understanding among all family members, and helping to prevent family and individual crises.Depending on their circumstantial concerns, individuals who have mental or natural disabilities may see both of these counselors for support or else respectively mental health and rehabilitation counselors. rational health counselors work with individuals, families, and groups to analyze, address and treat mental and emotional disorders and to promote optimal mental health. They are trained in a compartmentalisation of therapeutic techniques required to address a broad range of concerns much(prenominal) as depression, addiction and substance abuse, suicidal thoughts, essay management, self-esteem issues, ageism, occupational problems, educational decisions, and relationship problems. Mental health counselors often work well with other mental health specialists, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social workers, psychiatric nurses, and school counselors (U.S. Dept. of Labor, 2005).Rehabilitation counselors support people who must contend with the personal, social, and vocational effects of disabilities. They counsel disabled individuals who are coping with fork over defects, illness or disease, accidents, or daily stress. They evaluate the strengths and challenges of these individuals, offer narrow and vocational counseling, and arrange for medical care, training, and job placement.Rehabilitation counselors meet both with disabled individuals as well as their families, evaluate school and medical reports and make suggestions, and confer and plan with physicians, psychologists, educators, occupational therapists, and employers to determine the capabilities and skills of the individual. Conferring with the client, they offend a rehabilitation program that frequently consists of training to help the person develop job skills. Rehabilitation counselors also work toward increasing the clients capacity to alert independently (U.S. Dept. of Labor, 2005).The article Vocational attainment of adults with CF success in the face of adversity (Burker, 2005, 22) discusses the unique needs of those suffering from Cystic Fibrosis (CF), a fatal inherited disease found in industrialized nations that affects threefold body systems but has the greatest impact on the lungs and pancreas. The ar ticle reports that disdain the fact that there has been an increase in the number of working-age individuals with CF in the past two decades, research on career choice, work place and work hindrance of individuals with this disease has received very little attention. entropy about the vocational potential for individuals with CF indicates limited expectation for vocational success.The researchers, who studied the vocational status of 183 adults with CF, provided information about this groups vocational potential. outstanding findings were(1) the majority of participants were either working or in school (2) those occupied were working in professional, technical, managerial, clerical and sales occupations (3) the jobs held varied in physical demands and strength ratings, and (4) patients with skilled jobs were more likely to have maintained their positions than those with hopeless jobs. The researchers concluded thatthese numbers are impressive given that the majority of these individuals were disgusted enough to be evaluated for their toiletdidacy for lung transplant. These data suggest that, as with intimately people, vocation is an important part of life, and many individuals with CF go to school and achieve in careers and work despite their declining health. Rehabilitation counselors should consider people with CF as viable candidates for successful job placement.In other words, the differences between the CF and non-CF candidates in regards to vocational counseling needs may not be as different as expected. There is a greater overlap in their counseling needs.Each generation, depending on the benefaction society and its issues, will have varying concerns. Due to the war in Iraq, increasing numbers of men and women are seeking help from counselors collect to post traumatic stress syndrome. The journal report, The prediction of levels of post traumatic stress levels by depression among veterans with disabilities (Martz, 2005, 56), found a high co rrelativity between this syndrome and depression. The researchers thus concluded that if a veteran with a disability shows some form of depression, then mental health professionals should also mischievously consider the possibility of the simultaneous existence of post traumatic stress symptoms.Such knowledge, as found in this above study, can provide counselors with more information and understanding about their patients psychological status. Rehabilitation counselors can utilize this information to aid in a more strong recovery. Such findings also demonstrate the importance of increased communication among versatile forms of counselors and the need for counselors to expand their knowledge about the changing psychological and emotional support of their patients.

Diets Make You Fat Essay

The unite States of America is a nation known for our fixing over big things. Americans have the biggest cars, the biggest houses, and now, the biggest people. Obesity rates in the United States has skyrocketed and more than wizard-third of American adults are obese. Some researchers suspect that by 2030, more than half the population will be obese unless Americans potpourri what they consume and how much they make. Many Americans are now realizing the deadly effectuate of obesity and are turning to diets to stabilize and maintain a hale weight.But for some people, this cultural solution to the national problem does not work at all, and even gives r everse affects. Although fast can supporter an individual to lose weight, it can likewise lead to neting of weight because of hormones, the diet mentality, and our culture as Americans. Although people see dieting as the successful way to losing pounds, scientists have found that dieting actually changes the way their head word and metabolism work. When a person starts a diet, their brain begins to send hormones that recount the body to hoard body fat.This makes it harder to lose weight because your body thinks that it is lacking food, and therefore, relies on body fat. These same hormones also trigger food disposition in the brain, making that individual hungry constantly and eventually consent to eating again (Naish, 1) . The dieting mentality is also a immense reason why diets can have reverse affects. Have you ever gone to dinner with a friend, who ordered a huge home of pasta because tomorrow was the start of her diet?Or, have you ever comprehend someone say they were going for ice cream because they earned it by going to the gym that day? This makes it so diets are nothing more than a storm of restrictive eating patterns, shame, and guilt. A person on a diet may lose the pounds they wanted, but as presently as they reached their goal, they start to fall in the same patterns again and gai n the weight they lost, or even more (Johnson, 1). Lastly, our own culture chips against us. We are a nation of fast food and junk food, and are perpetually reminded of it through advertisements.People cannot go a day without seeing at least one advertisement for the naked as a jaybird McDonalds burger or the new sugary junk food thats available at the near grocery store. These companies are exact in the business of advertising their products, and near of the time, target young children to create a brand-loyalty through happy commercials and shrink from giveaways. We have been manipulated by these companies, and its very hard not to botch up in their products. This culture of ours needs to change before we improve our wellness and stop obesity. In conclusion, diets in America can be overly blame for making us fat.Our own bodies, minds, and culture run havoc against us and make it very hard to shed those pounds that one wants to lose. Some Americans turn to deadly diets as a n answer, such as fad-diets, and also diets that lead to bulimia. However, there are diets that actually work, such as the dieting by lowering portions. Whatever the diet may be, Americans must expect the cruel reality that their lives are in jeopardy and must fight off the urge to eat fast food and junk food, and exercise regularly. Or else, we have to face the consequences of the future.

How the Digital World May Change Essay

The rapidly changing societies with constantly improving technology and particular of social digital technologies dramatically changed the way nation communicate and move with each other making them either digital natives, digital residents, digital immigrants or digital visitors based on their generation or familiarization with technology. more(prenominal)(prenominal) and more community today perceive the sphere as the composite and mature network of computerized and online applications that help to communicate, search for, exchange and sh atomic number 18 information, force business with international partners, play games on distance, and many other purposes.Though, the interrogative sentence is whether digital natives and digital residents are the same in their perception of the world, fashion and life habits in the future? Behavior of Digital Residents Since individualizedly I was born before 1994, I am related to the category of digital residents, who were born bef ore the occurrence of social digital technologies. Such masses like me learnt the computer and Internet-related skills either in schools or universities and have an hazard to compare life and perception of the world before and after the digital world.Despite I am not a digital native, my expression as a digital resident is already influenced by numerous technologies I am using daily like cell phone, computer, videodisc player, iPod, etc. With occurrence of cell phones, for example, people became more flexible and erratic in their behavior, actions, plans and ability to communicate with their family members, friends and colleagues.Moreover, many people combine conversations by cell phone with other activities like cleaning the house, working on the computer, shopping or driving a car (Palfrey and Gasser, 2008). Recently more and more people, including me, prefer to make their personal or business calls composition driving to the office, shop or gym. It might be a reliable way t o use clip efficiently, though at the same time might cause problems and distract a person from driving and existence careful on the road.In one of his first video chapters Robert Schrag (2010) intercommunicate exactly this issue when young people got used to talk by phone and type text messages while driving. Though, the main difference in such behavior between digital natives and digital residents is that the last ones are more careful, reasonable and less dependent on the technologies than digital natives are (Palfrey and Gasser, 2008). It might sound crazy, but computers, cell phones and other technology-related products became a obligatory and integral daily part of their lives. go as a digital resident I am less dependent, or better to say, ghost with technology, the changing world of education and business requires cosmos constantly cognizant and familiar with the latest technologies, either to learn the updated and useful information for my personal and professional de velopment or to keep pace with younger people whose knowledge of languages, computers and technology-related applications make them more competitive at the labor market. finishAs for the future behavior as a digital resident, it is or else hard to predict since more and more innovations enter our lives. For example, nowadays a debate exists concerning two main issues human cloning and brain chips. Personally, I do not support either of these ideas since with their occurrence and legacy people will be controlled by those who created such innovations while the human being is independent self-thinker who is responsible for his/her own actions, has personal wishes and dreams and is unpredictable in his/her behavior.While digital world gives me more and more opportunity to learn the world and communicate with other people, at the same time it controls me more and more shaping my behavior in the way innovators and digital world creators want. I personally think that technology should be wisely and within certain limits without suppressing and eliminating the natural things and personal communication between people.

Mental Illness

The cordial construction of rational malady diagnose Words * C atomic rate 18er The gradual change in pile as a response to a mark e. g. psychogenic patient. * in condition(p) failing learning how to be dependent. * Life-course model suggests that the accumulation of friendly events experient everyplace a whole life judg ment of conviction, non unspoilt individual primary(prenominal) events, mould battalion and their affable state. * Presenting culture a term engrossd by Goffman to refer to how commonwealth like to portray themselves to others. * Schizophrenia a clay of psychical unsoundness where peck ar unable to curb sex their induce feelings and perceptions from reality. Self-Fulfilling prophecy predictions about the behaviour of social free radicals that come squ atomic number 18(a) as a result of positive or prohibit labelling. * companionable capital of the United States refers to a network of social contacts. * Social constructionism the feeler which suggests that intellectual complaint inhabits be curtilage volume believe that it does. * Social realism a sociological approach which suggests that psychological affection does really exist. Summary Mental complaint is the little fortunate twin to physical complaint. The NHS is not funding replete condense for kind health patients and the attention paid to it is minimal.Mental health is a major(ip) problem in society with one in seven roughly people claiming to chip in had mental health problems at some(prenominal) calculate in their lives. Social Trends 2007 (Self and Zealey 2007) said that about one in vi British people aged 16 to 74 reported experiencing a psychoneurotic disorder in the seven days before a matter survey on mental health. When looking at which group is near seeming to suffer from high rates of mental infirmity, the poorest and just about excluded argon majorly all all overrepresented. Defining mental illness Social Realism A familiar term use to describe the approaches of sociologists who acknowledge that there ar typical knacks of ab median(prenominal) behaviour that cause distress to individuals and those around them. * Pilgrim and Rogers (1999) accept that, at diverse times and in different cultures, there are variations in what is considered as mental illness. * Although mental illness may go different names and sometimes not be recognized, it does actually exist as a real condition. * Similar to the bio-medical approach which believes that symptoms give the sack be scientifically diagnosed and categorized.They see treatment as allopathic (cure orientated through with(predicate) the use of drugs, shock treatment and surgery etc. * They recommend that sufferers be quarantined from wider society. Social constructionism * Have been very influential in sociological approaches to mental illness and start from the argument that what is considered as practice varies over time and from society to society. * Greater extremes of behaviour switch been seen as normal in some societies and symptoms of worriedness in others. Labelling spot Labelling theory examines how the labelling of mental illness occurs in the first place and what effects it has on those who are labelled. * doubting Thomas Szasz (1973) argues that the label mental illness is simply a genial government agency to deal with behaviour that people find disruptive. He is especially particular of psychiatrists for diagnosing children with ADHD and calling it a ailment. He feel outs that enceinte a child a drug for a mythical disease is a form of physical child abuse because the child has no say in the matter. Labelling theory therefore rests firmly upon a social constructionist translation of mental illness. The effects of labelling * Scheff (1966) said that whether soulfulness becomes labelled or not is determined by the benefits those others might gain by labelling the somebody mentally ill. So, those who become a nuisance are furthest much than plausibly to become diagnosed as mentally ill as person who causes no problems. * Once labelled, there are a number of negative consequences for the person because it is then assumed that all their behaviour is bear witness of their mental state. Erving Goffman (1961) followed the careers of people who were genuinely delimitate as being mentally ill. He suggested that once in an institution people are bare of their presenting culture. Criticisms of the labelling perspective * Gove (1982) suggests that the vast majority of people who receive treatment for mental illness actually have serious problems before they are case-hardened so the argument that the labels cause the problems is wrong. It may let off the responses of others to the mentally ill, only merchantmannot explain the causes of the illness.Foucaults perspective on mental illness * He explains the harvest-tide in the concept of mental illness by placing it in the b ackground if the changing ways of thought and acting which developed in the betimes 18th century. * During the enlightenment to a greater extent than traditional ways of thinking were little by little replaced by more than than rational and disciplined ways of thinking. He argues that as rationality developed into the normal way of thinking, irrationality became to be perceived as deviant. * Having mad people in asylums isolated mad people away from the majority of the population.They symbolized the fact that madness or irrationality was tag out as behaviour that is no longer acceptable. Structuralist perspectives on mental illness * Virde (1977) explained the fact that some ethnic minorities are more likely to develop mental health problems by arguing that the sorts of pressures and stresses that can cause people to develop mental illness are more very much stickd by people in an ethnic minority. * Nazroo is hypercritical of this approach. He points out that people of the Bangladeshi origin who are victims of racialism have lower levels of mental illness than the general population.He concludes that mental illness cannot just be caused by racism and deprivation. * Brown et al (1995) explained that women are more likely to lead stressful lives because they have the dial consign and twofold shift. * Labelling theorists (Chelser 1972), say that women are more likely to be seen as mentally ill because the defining of illness is mainly done by male persons. * physical contact and Phelan (1995) reviewed all the evidence and concluded that research pointed out a kinship between low levels of deprivation and mental illness.Social capital (Putnam 2000) argued that people who have extensive and strong levels of social networks are more likely to be happier than those who dont. Check Your Understanding 1) The two sociological approaches to explaining mental illness are social realist and social constructionist. 2) Social realist bases itself on the apprai sal that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that should be toughened they are very similar to the bio-medical approach.Social constructionist believes that translations of mental illness can neuter over time and in different cultures. 3) Labelling helps us understand that some people may live up to the label they have been devoted and can strip mental health patients of any self-dignity as they have no say in what happens to them as they have been given the label of someone who is mad. 4) A structural explanation is closely tied to the social realist definition of mental illness they accept the reality of mental illness and set out to discover what social factors help cause them. ) Busfield says that it is true that some groups are more likely to find their behaviour defined as mental illness, compared to the behaviour of other groups however al of those groups experience higher(prenominal) levels of stress so mental illness would be higher. 6) They are more likely to show cultural characterises that are not seen as normal in a wider society. 7) They use the idea that women have more responsibilities than men and that the defining of mental illness tends to be dominated by male health professionals.Mental IllnessThe social construction of mental illness Key Words * Career The gradual change in people as a response to a label e. g. mental patient. * Learned Helplessness learning how to be dependent. * Life-course model suggests that the accumulation of social events experienced over a whole lifetime, not just individual important events, influence people and their mental state. * Presenting culture a term used by Goffman to refer to how people like to portray themselves to others. * Schizophrenia a form of mental illness where people are unable to distinguish their own feelings and perceptions from reality. Self-Fulfilling prophecy predictions about the behaviour of social groups that come true as a result of positive or negative labelling. * Social Capital refers to a network of social contacts. * Social constructionism the approach which suggests that mental illness exists because people believe that it does. * Social realism a sociological approach which suggests that mental illness does really exist. Summary Mental illness is the less fortunate twin to physical illness. The NHS is not funding enough support for mental health patients and the attention paid to it is minimal.Mental health is a major problem in society with one in seven people claiming to have had mental health problems at some point in their lives. Social Trends 2007 (Self and Zealey 2007) said that about one in six British people aged 16 to 74 reported experiencing a neurotic disorder in the seven days before a national survey on mental health. When looking at which group is most likely to suffer from high rates of mental illness, the poorest and most excluded are majorly overrepresented. Defining mental illness Social Realism A general term used to d escribe the approaches of sociologists who accept that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that cause distress to individuals and those around them. * Pilgrim and Rogers (1999) accept that, at different times and in different cultures, there are variations in what is considered as mental illness. * Although mental illness may have different names and sometimes not be recognized, it does actually exist as a real condition. * Similar to the bio-medical approach which believes that symptoms can be scientifically diagnosed and categorized.They see treatment as allopathic (cure orientated through the use of drugs, shock treatment and surgery etc. * They recommend that sufferers be isolated from wider society. Social constructionism * Have been very influential in sociological approaches to mental illness and start from the argument that what is considered as normal varies over time and from society to society. * Greater extremes of behaviour have been seen as normal in some societies and symptoms of madness in others. Labelling perspective Labelling theory examines how the labelling of mental illness occurs in the first place and what effects it has on those who are labelled. * Thomas Szasz (1973) argues that the label mental illness is simply a convenient way to deal with behaviour that people find disruptive. He is particularly critical of psychiatrists for diagnosing children with ADHD and calling it a disease. He says that giving a child a drug for a mythical disease is a form of physical child abuse because the child has no say in the matter. Labelling theory therefore rests firmly upon a social constructionist definition of mental illness. The effects of labelling * Scheff (1966) said that whether someone becomes labelled or not is determined by the benefits those others might gain by labelling the person mentally ill. So, those who become a nuisance are far more likely to become diagnosed as mentally ill as someone who causes no problems. * Once labelled, there are a number of negative consequences for the person because it is then assumed that all their behaviour is evidence of their mental state. Erving Goffman (1961) followed the careers of people who were genuinely defined as being mentally ill. He suggested that once in an institution people are stripped of their presenting culture. Criticisms of the labelling perspective * Gove (1982) suggests that the vast majority of people who receive treatment for mental illness actually have serious problems before they are treated so the argument that the labels cause the problems is wrong. It may explain the responses of others to the mentally ill, but cannot explain the causes of the illness.Foucaults perspective on mental illness * He explains the growth in the concept of mental illness by placing it in the context if the changing ways of thinking and acting which developed in the early 18th century. * During the enlightenment more traditional ways of thinking were gradually replaced by more rational and disciplined ways of thinking. He argues that as rationality developed into the normal way of thinking, irrationality became to be perceived as deviant. * Having mad people in asylums isolated mad people away from the majority of the population.They symbolized the fact that madness or irrationality was marked out as behaviour that is no longer acceptable. Structuralist perspectives on mental illness * Virde (1977) explained the fact that some ethnic minorities are more likely to develop mental health problems by arguing that the sorts of pressures and stresses that can cause people to develop mental illness are more often experienced by people in an ethnic minority. * Nazroo is critical of this approach. He points out that people of the Bangladeshi origin who are victims of racism have lower levels of mental illness than the general population.He concludes that mental illness cannot just be caused by racism and deprivation. * Brown et al (1995) explaine d that women are more likely to lead stressful lives because they have the dial burden and triple shift. * Labelling theorists (Chelser 1972), say that women are more likely to be seen as mentally ill because the defining of illness is mainly done by males. * Link and Phelan (1995) reviewed all the evidence and concluded that research pointed out a relationship between low levels of deprivation and mental illness.Social capital (Putnam 2000) argued that people who have extensive and strong levels of social networks are more likely to be happier than those who dont. Check Your Understanding 1) The two sociological approaches to explaining mental illness are social realist and social constructionist. 2) Social realist bases itself on the idea that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that should be treated they are very similar to the bio-medical approach.Social constructionist believes that definitions of mental illness can vary over time and in different cultures. 3) Lab elling helps us understand that some people may live up to the label they have been given and can strip mental health patients of any self-dignity as they have no say in what happens to them as they have been given the label of someone who is mad. 4) A structural explanation is closely tied to the social realist definition of mental illness they accept the reality of mental illness and set out to discover what social factors help cause them. ) Busfield says that it is true that some groups are more likely to find their behaviour defined as mental illness, compared to the behaviour of other groups however al of those groups experience higher levels of stress so mental illness would be higher. 6) They are more likely to show cultural characterises that are not seen as normal in a wider society. 7) They use the idea that women have more responsibilities than men and that the defining of mental illness tends to be dominated by male health professionals.

The Effect of Globalization on Young People

As the degree of globalization is being strengthened in the present-day world, the issue of globalization has been a highly controversial topic, bear on extensive attention among the economists and commentators. It is widely agreed that globalization produces widespread and with child(p) impact on every field of the whole world, especially on the aspects of society, economy, politics and culture. However, there is a growing difference of opinion on whether the effect of globalization are beneficial or not.In nastiness of some negative effects that the anti-globalization groups point out, the positive impact produced by globalization is comprehensive and signifi puket. Many economists consider the process of globalization as the main motivator for social progress, economic growth and cultural exchange. Thus, this seek will be mainly concerned with the beneficial effects of globalization on economy, education and world peace.From the economic perspective, economic globalization ho lds to a higher growth outrank in the developing countries which are complex in globalization. The positive effects should be attri besidesed to openness associated with globalization. On angiotensin converting enzyme hand, according to Rappaport (2000), openness to international vocation empowers these developing countries to develop their war-ridden advantages in manufacturing a certain products, thus making more profits.On the other hand, it is illustrated in Romer (1993) that opening to foreign direct investment can narrow the gaps between developing and developed nations by stimulating the hang of domestic capital and introducing advanced technology and equipment, thereby improving capability and productivity and speeding economic growth in developing countries. A good case in point is that economic growth rate in China significantly increased by 2. 3% from 1975 to 2000 receivable to implementing economic globalization (Dreher, 2006).In addition, from the educational st andpoint, technological globalization is opportune to the educational development. This is mainly based on the widespread utilization of study and communication technology around the world. It increases the availability of education and allows more students to contain themselves in various academic exchanges cross the borders. Kellner (2002) points out that the participation in academic communication at a global level is a perfect interactive platform for students living in different move of the world to have access to and share information and knowledge.It is similarly argued in Kellner (2002) that more opportunities are offered to students to have access to those research libraries or institutions, which were pathless in the past. These positive effects brought by globalization can contribute to promoting the development of global education. Finally, globalization promotes world peace that is the prerequisite to revivify the common development of all countries. For one hand , economic interchange at the global level encourages all the countries in the world to cooperate with distributively other.It is illustrated by Martin and Mayer (2008), it is extremely essential for nations who want to profit from global trade to establish friendly relations with other countries. For another hand, mutual fundamental interaction in international commercial activities contributes to strengthening their contacts between different countries. Martin and Mayer (2008) also believe that in order to further promote their prosperity, those countries which are complicated in the globalization not only enhance their contacts with other countries but also tighten those ties.Consequently, global economic interchanges promote mutual comprehension, cooperation, and contacts between different states around the world, in turn, promoting the world peace. In conclusion, by analyzing the benefits brought by globalization to the three main aspects economy, education and society, this paper presents the positive effects of globalization, supported by relevant evidence from academic materials. In particular, it is set forth in this paper that globalization is of significant benefits for economic growth in developing countries, educational development and world peace.