Human Sexual Behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 343 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category People Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Sex Essay Did you like this example? A guest speaker from Southwestern College was talking about sex. This is not about sex education; the speaker was talking about sexuality and violence. Theres different way of having sex which are Good Sex, Sloppy Sex, Bad Sex, Regretted Sex, and Sexual Violence. Sexual Violence does not belong in the continuum because it contains rape which is a choice. Rape is someone taking advantage of another person sexually. Sexual assault can be verbal, physical, visual, or anything that forces a person to join in unwanted sexual contact or attention. Unwelcome sexual behavior has been a serious problem in our society for many years. People need to focus more on this problem, because a lot of men still don’t take it seriously, it happens, because they don’t know the real definition of sexual harassment. Alcohol is often a contributing factor in sexual assault especially when people are drinking, they may be unintentionally increase their chances of being sexually assau lted, as alcohol dulls our senses and our judgment. A perpetrator may even buy a person drinks to make them an easier victim. May people believe that the college life should be known as party schools. Downsides to the heavy drinking/drug use on todays campuses, colleges are taking an increasingly dim view of excessive drinking or binge drinking which is a major public health issue. Also, this increases sexual assault crimes such as rape, date rape and deaths. Though, many cultures have other vocabulary words for men and women according to the before and after sex chart. It has always been an issue for men to accept that females like to have fun here and there as much as they do. When a man gets around with the ladies, he’s considered to be a ladies’ man or to be more like a Pimp. When females get around with guys she is called a â€Å"slut† or any trashy names. This is why man gets all the positive feedback while the women still gets all the negative feedb acks after getting laid or having sex. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Sexual Behavior" essay for you Create order

Individual Counseling Theories and Approaches Essay

Individual Counseling Theories are varied. In this paper we will examine three of the most prominent counseling theories, their concepts, techniques, strengths and limitations. We will begin with the Adlerian Theory first followed by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. At the end we will finish with Solution Focused Brief Theory. All three theories have their strengths and limitations but can be and usually are combined or used together to some extent to better serve the client. One theory might examine the client’s background and underlying cause for the complaints, while the other might focus on the present and how to solve the problems in a shorter period of time. Adlerian Theory Key Concepts Adlerian Theory employs a holistic†¦show more content†¦These feelings drive us to better ourselves and achieve mastery over our own lives to achieve superiority and overcome those feelings of inferiority. As children, nearly all of us feel inferior in some way to our parents and siblings. It is through mastering these issues that we attain mastery and superiority which help us grow. Adlerian theory proposes that a humans principle motive in life is to strive for perfection and that his or her opinion of self, and the world, influences all of the individuals psychological processes. Adlerian theory studies the whole person and how that person experiences life. Adlerian Psychology focuses on peoples efforts to compensate for their self-perceived inferiority to others. These feelings of inferiority may derive from ones position in the family constellation, particularly if early experiences of humiliation occurred; a specific physical condition or defect existed; or a genera l lack of social feeling for others was present. This theory also takes into consideration the birth order and role in the family. It is during the early formative years that the interactions among family members that have a profound impact on development. Adler described five psychological positions in the family and the characteristics believed to be associated with each position. Oldest children tend to be the most intelligent and achieving of theShow MoreRelatedThe Development of Counseling and Psychotherapy1862 Words   |  7 Pagesnote from the onset that though the development of theories relating to counseling and psychotherapy was still taking place at the beginning of the 20th century, it is believed that the foundation for the same was laid long before this period. In that regard, Sigmund Freuds contribution to the counseling and psychotherapy field cannot be overstated especially when it comes to the study of the human mind. In this text, I concern myself with counseling and psychotherapy and its development over ti meRead MoreReflection Paper989 Words   |  4 Pages Holly Willis A counseling theory has certain qualities, such as clear operational definitions so that it can be tested further. To be most useful, a counseling theory should be parsimonious yet comprehensive enough to include known related empirical findings. It should stimulate new discoveries and predict events deductively within its purview and preview. A counseling theory also should serve an organizing and explaining function for observed events. Ones theory should help them to simplifyRead MoreMy Personal Theory Of Counseling Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior changes, goals of therapy, the roles of a therapist, and the counseling approaches that I chose to incorporate in a practice. The understanding of human nature is the concept that there is a set of inherent distinguishing characteristics, including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that all humans tend to possess (Winkler, 1996). My basic view of human nature correlates with Charles Darwin’s nature vs. nurture theory. Human nature is influenced by both nature and nurture. Nature is allRead MoreThe School Of Thought And The Field Of Psychology1555 Words   |  7 Pagescontribution to the field of psychology Carl Roger’s central contribution to the field of psychology involved his theory of personality. This theory was unique with the capability to be applied in various domains of helping professions including psychotherapy and counseling, education, organizations, cross-cultural relations, and other group settings (n/a, 2015). In the evolving stage of this theory, Roger’s had been frustrated with the authoritative analysis being imposed on the clients in the current therapeuticRead MoreHow Counseling Is Impacted The Well Being Of Cultural Diverse Populations By Increasing Growth1099 Words   |  5 PagesCounseling has impacted the well-being of cultural diverse populations by increasing growth in ethnical and minority groups. Cultural diverse has influence counselors to work together as one, empower skills to meet the challenges and demands of diverse client groups (Hays, 2016). Counselors utilize interventions focused on client’s needs to assess cultural concerns . These techniques establish the significant collaboration of the counsel/ client relationship, promote clients awareness to their limitationsRead MoreIntegrated Approach For Counseling And Counseling1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrated approach to counseling is when you combined theories to cover the clients’ feelings, cognitive patterns, and behavior (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). Each theory focuses one of these key components of a client but in counseling you need to focus on each of these to fully help a client. The key to integrative counseling is to have multiple theories function in harmony (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). PsychotherapyRead MoreCareer Counseling Theory Paper1723 Words   |  7 PagesCareer Counseling Theories: Individuals with Substance Use Disorders The words â€Å"career counseling† and â€Å"substance abuse treatment† on the surface appear as two completely isolated areas, with little interconnection. Personally, as an individual in recovery from addiction, as well as professionally, working as a drug and alcohol case manager, experience has shown me that vocation is very relevant to this population. It is one of the primary goal areas in which I work with my clients on a daily basisRead MoreThe Therapist And The Client929 Words   |  4 Pagescodes involved in mental health counseling. According to the ACA integration of study code, â€Å"In traditional, hybrid, and/or online formats, counselor educators establish education and training programs that integrate academic study and supervised practice (ACA, 2014, F.7.d.). Therapists must fully educate themselves when integrating multiple therapies. It is important to understand personal beliefs before incorporating the beliefs and techniques of different approac hes in order for a therapist to knowRead MoreIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pages In this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities between Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacological intervention and cognitive and behavioral therapy. They areRead MoreWhy Psychology Is The Choose Therapy For The Case Essay896 Words   |  4 Pagesis the choose therapy for the case. The first article â€Å"The Science of Self-Help : Translating Positive Psychology Research Into Increased Individual Happiness† Reviews behavior interventions that are implemented to encourage and enforce mobile treatment such as internet for clients that assist with depression as well as increase being happy and an individuals well-being. This model would be cost effective as well as offer resources which are in-person, yet explore through an approach that is not

Character Analysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh, Thousand And...

In this paper, I am going to analyze the female characters that caught my attention the most in the three stories The Epic of Gilgamesh, Thousand and One Nights, and Candide. They all are important characters in each of the stories and their influence in the story is to help. These stories also depict how women were being treated during these times such as being used for their bodies or their wisdom. The characters that I will be analyzing in the paper are Shamhat, Shiduri, Sharazad, the Old Woman, and Cunegonde. In all three stories, they mostly share the same depictions of the role of women and how women weren’t really important besides their bodies. To start off, there were two characters from The Epic of Gilgamesh that interested†¦show more content†¦In the story Thousand and One Nights the character Shahrazad caught my attention because of how brave, smart, and cunning she was. â€Å"I would like for you to marry me to King Shahrayar, so that I may either succeed in saving the people or perish and die like the rest.†(Puncher 1182-1183) She was willing to volunteer herself to save the lives of other women which was very brave because the King was known for taking virgins and having sex with them then killing them. She was willing to place herself in the hands of a man that was known for degrading men. Shahrayar was also intelligent because she used stories to save her life and others. She created a very strategic plan to tell her stories. She began with stories about adultery, so it would catch the attention of the King and leave him wanting to know more. Then, she used adventurous stories to keep herself alive long enough to civilize the King and save the other women. She starts the stories off as adventurous, then she started telling stories that had morals behind them. Shahrazad was already well educated before she started telling the stories. â€Å"Shahrazad had read the books of literature, philosophy, and medicine.† (Puncher 1182). They also described her as being intelligent, knowledgeable, wise, and refined which were all true descriptions of her. In the story Candide, the old lady character stood out to me because she suffered more than anyone else in the story. She was resilient, humble, kind, and full of

Death Of Our Dear Friend Socrates - 1254 Words

Today, we are here to mourn the death of our dear friend Socrates. He was the one of the greatest thinkers of our time. He stuck to his beliefs, regardless to the criticism and judgment from the Greek government. He challenged the fundamental Greek belief systems, and refused to give in to the pressure of the Greeks. Socrates faced death without fear. He welcomed this new chapter in his life. With Socrates death, the question arises: Should we flee from death, or should we face it head on such as Socrates did? Socrates would not have wanted us to sit here crying about his death. He would have wanted us to celebrate his death, in view of that there are better things to this life than just the present. He was not one to judge others based on their looks or their body, but by the way they lived their lives. Socrates believed people should be able to live by the truth and the mind. There are better things to life than what is happening now; everything that you are experiencing, whether i t is sadness or frustration about his death will pass. All of the feelings we are experiencing are only temporary, they will slowly fade away once we all understand and accept Socrates philosophy of life. Socrates believed that a wise man should run to death, while a fool tries to flee from death. Instead of dreading death, you should embrace it and welcome it with open arms. For death is only another chapter in one’s life. There are two parts to a human being, the body and the soul. AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Plato’s Crito: The Last Days of Socrates 1134 Words   |  5 Pages As Socrates awaits his upcoming execution; he is visited before dawn by a close old friend Crito. Crito has made arrangements to help Socrates escape from prison. Socrates is grateful to his old friend for his willing to help aide him in the escape. However, Socrates is quite willing to await his execution. Crito tries to change Socrates mind about escaping by presenting him with several arguments. The first is that if Socrates choices to stay, his death will reflect poorly on Crito. The peopleRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On The Greek Philosophy1128 Words   |  5 PagesRuiheng Jiang HU 201 Professor Stoehr 9/28/2015 Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the three original thinkers and intelligent teachers of ancient Greece, together made the Greek philosophy reach its highest state and also opened up a new world of western philosophy and culture. Among three of them, Socrates was the very first one who appeared in history, and was the very first teacher and spreader of ancient Greek philosophy. His entire life was a legend that he had numbers of followers and studentsRead MoreGods Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesmany different interpretations or perceptions on what it really is and just how to determine that it is being done. The best philosophers in the world have engaged in many conversations about this subject for decades. Socrates has been one of many that discussed this subject. Socrates was a man that was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth. He wanted the best representation he could find to help him plead his case against the state. When he begin to speak with Euthyphro about his own ac cusationsRead More Recounting the Last Days of Socrates in Crito Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Last Days of Socrates in Crito In the Last Days of Socrates the dialogue â€Å"Crito† recounts Socrates last days before his execution. Socrates had been accused of corrupting the youth and not worshipping the Gods of the state. During his trial he denied all accusations and attempted to defend himself by proving his innocence using reason . He was judged to be guilty and given a death sentence. His long time friend Crito proposes to Socrates a plan to escape from his death sentence in prisonRead MoreEssay on Socrates Was NOT Guilty1667 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socrates, in his conviction from the Athenian jury, was both innocent and guilty as charged. In Plato’s Five Dialogues, accounts of events ranging from just prior to Socrates’ entry into the courthouse up until his mouthful of hemlock, both points are represented. Socrates’ in dealing with moral law was not guilty of the crimes he was accused of by Meletus. Socrates was only guilty as charged because his peers had concluded him as such. The laws didn’t find Socrates guilty; Socrates was guiltyRead MoreEssay about What it Means to be Human851 Words   |  4 Pagesforce us to relate to our place in society. We were first asked, â€Å"What does it mean to be human?†. We then were questioned about, â€Å"What does it mean to be a member of the community?† and, â€Å"What does it mean to be moral, ethical, and just?† Next we were asked to go further and think about, â€Å"How do individuals and communities respo nd to differences of races, class, gender, ethnicity, etc.?† Then in reading the works of others like Plato’s â€Å"The Trail and Death of Socrates†, and Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone†Read MoreThe Reading Of Apology By Plato1282 Words   |  6 Pagesin the reading of Apology by Plato. This story is great because it shows how wise Socrates actually was, and despite the fact that he was put on trial he lived by his teachings and never faltered. Even though the Book of Job and Apology were written during different eras in history both teach those bad things do happen to good people and when they do, it’s admirable to stand firm in your beliefs. Both Job and Socrates had the honor of being known as the greatest men of their time. The Book of JobRead Morebhagavad gita vs. Socrates Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The Dialogues of Self Self: Oh wise Socrates what an honor it is to meet you. I hope you have the time to converse with me. I have read the Bhagavad-Gita and the Dialogues of Plato concerning your trial and death, and have several questions concerning your belief in the immortality of the soul. Socrates: Of course my friend. That is the reason I am here. Self: Excellent. You speak of it being a noble risk to believe in the immortality of the soul. That on a basic level I understandRead MoreThe Existence Of Human Knowledge1304 Words   |  6 Pages Humans go through many events and friends, relatives, and acquaintances tell each other information about a dear loved one or a dear friend. It is up to each individual to know if the information that have been told is either true or a rumor. Humans tend to mix up the truth with small lies, in order for the information to be more entertaining. The reason humans mix up the truth is because they love to be entertained. Throughout life, it is important for humans to recognize the limitations of humanRead More Crito Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pages Socrates has been accused of corrupting the youth by Meletus and has been sentenced to death. He has thoroughly justified his own decision to obey the opinions of the majority and serve out the sentence that his own city has deemed appropriate for his crimes. At the beginning of this piece, Socrates has presented a period of questions and answers through dialogue with Crito. Throughout the dialogue Socrates is explaining his reasoning for not evading the government. Crito does not understand the

Fracking Of Gas From Unconventional Deposits Essay

The term â€Å"unconventional mining† refers to the removal of gas from unconventional deposits. This includes shale gas (shale rock), tight gas (certain sandstones mainly) and coal seam gas mining (from coal seams). (â€Å"Fracking in western Australia - the basics,† 2015) The extraction of Shale and tight gas in particular relies upon a controversial practice called hydraulic fracturing or â€Å"fracking†. This technique may also be used in coal seam gas extraction, although less frequently. Unconventional mining – mainly fracking - has become an increasingly politically sensitive issue in Australia and around the world, to the point where it may even help swing seats in regional areas. Conventional coal and gas mining does not involve extraction from unconventional reservoirs, and thus almost never involves fracking, although there are many other issues associated with it. (Hepburn Cook, 2015) The fracking process itself involves drilling a deep well i nto an underground rock formation, which then has fluids pumped into it at extremely high pressures – pressures high enough to form small scale cracks in the extremely hard rock. The high pressure of the fluid causes the rock to shatter, after which the fluid is mostly withdrawn and gas is released. â€Å"Unconventional gas† is found in gas deposits trapped within deep geological formations, often within shale rock, coal deposits or tight sandstone. Most deposits exploited in Australia can be found close to east coast and also in the south ofShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Shale Gas And Natural Gas1745 Words   |  7 PagesShale gas is a natural gas that can be extracted from the fabric of shale rocks by means of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. There is controversy surrounding this extraction process, as in the process of building facilities in which gases are extracted, people are made aware of the hazards that are involved both with building the site of extractio n and with extracting the gas itself. This essay aims to assess the extent to which these hazards can affect those residing in Lancashire. ThroughoutRead MoreFracking And The Gas Industry1573 Words   |  7 Pageshydraulic fracturing - a process for extracting natural gas- has spread rapidly across the United States. High volume hydraulic fracturing, or â€Å"fracking,† is a process in which water and chemicals are injected into shale formations underground in order to release trapped natural gas. As fracking spreads throughout the United States, there are more and more reported cases of contaminated drinking water and illness among citizens living near fracking sites. Even with these cases, it is still difficultRead MoreMarcellus And Utica Shell And Fracking1253 Words   |  6 Pages Marcellus/Utica shell Fracking What is Marcellus Shale? It is a marine sedimentary rock buried thousands of feet beneath the earths surfaces. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock groups and is formed in four main ways: by the deposition of the weathered remains of other rocks; by the accumulation and the consolidation of sediments; by the deposition of the results of biogenic activity; and by precipitation from solution. Marcellus Shale is found throughout the AlleghenyRead MoreFracking : An Unconventional Technique For Harvesting Natural Gas And Oil1301 Words   |  6 PagesHydraulic fracturing, commonly known and hereby referred to as fracking, has been around for decades- but it seems that it has only recently become a prominent point of contention in our society. Fracking is considered an unconventional technique for harvesting natural gas and oil. Where conventional wells drill straight down and can only collect from more free-flowing deposits, fracking allows for horizontal drilling into shale dep osits and uses water pressure to enlarge pre-existing fractures- freeingRead MoreThe Quest For Progress Is The Center Of Every Great Civilization1725 Words   |  7 Pagesmid-nineteenth century saw the advent and development of industrial civilization through the use of machines and the exploitation of new energy sources where vapor energy was first used then finally electricity provided by fossil fuels with coal and oil (later gas). Fossil fuel energies allow to design autonomous vehicles carrying their own source of energy (locomotives, automobiles and airplanes). During the twentieth century to our time, the growth of humanity energy needs is accelerating with an exponentialRead MoreThe Problem Of Energy Production1870 Words   |  8 Pagesnegative stigma stems from its military roots and its potential for catastrophic disaster, which has become very real in the wake of Japan’s recent natural disasters. The answer to kicking our oil habit may actually be much simpler tha n any of these other alternatives. The key to securing our energy independence may have been under our feet the entire time we were bending to the oil cartel’s (OPEC’s) every demand. Here in America we have been sitting atop a goldmine of natural gas wells that rank amongRead MoreFracking : The Economic And Environmental Effect Of Hydraulic Fracking1165 Words   |  5 PagesFracking Fracking, a technique used to extract natural gas and oil from the earth s subterranean rocks, is by no means a new thing. As the United States strives for energy independence, the number of wells produced by hydraulic fracturing has increased substantially. This method of harvesting natural gas and oil may contribute to pollution and has become a controversial topic. It is important to understand the pros and cons of fracking before drawing conclusions. Analyzing the economic and environmentalRead MoreSources Of Oil And Gas Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesUnconventional sources of oil and gas are becoming important for the journey of energy security. Conventional oil and gas will be unable to meet the growing demand requirements in future so there is a need to look for alternative resources of energy. In a volatile oil price movement, unconventional resources are viewed as important and economically attractive for future continuous supply. The impact of US shale gas success has been felt throughout the world. India is known to have good amount ofRead MoreThe Energy Information Administration ( 2016 )1250 Words   |  5 Pagesincrease accounting for 51% of total national output. The vast majority of this new production comes from shale formation in the Eagle Ford formation and Permian Basin of Texas, and Bakken and Three Forks formations of North Dakota and Montana (EIA, 2016). Beginning in 2003 hydraulic fracturing was widely used to extract natural gas from these formations (SAFE, 2012). After demand for natural gas fell, oil producers shifted their assets to producing crude oil, igniting a â€Å"virtual revolution† in URead MoreThe Impact Of Shale Gas Revolution On Natural Gas From Shale Formation1445 Words   |  6 Pagesforums which concern in the diminishing of fossil fuel and natural gas. Consequently, the US government has attempted to seek a new resource to serve the global energy demand (SHAFIEE, 2009). The natural gas from shale formation, abundant resources in US, has been discovered for a long time but there is no efficient method to extract the natural gas from this formation. Moreover, the route to convey the large amount of shale gas is one of our challenge that must be safe for human and environment

Sustainable Human Resource Management-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What Course of action would you recommend to the CEO in the first hospital as a way to Improve the Operation of HRM at the Hospital? 2.What are the key features of building a Sustainable HR Capability? Answers: Introduction In an organization, performance is an essential aspect that will determine the success of the organization as well as the professionalism of the employees (Florea, Cheung, Herndon, 2013). However, effective performance cannot be achieved in an organization without a proper operation management strategies and planning that will ensure the organization is working towards the set objectives. This report presents some of the operation management strategies that can be adopted by the hospital to ensure there is an improvement not only in the HRM but even in the rest of the departments. The paper also focuses on the sustainability strategies that can be adopted by the HRM to ensure the hospital remains productive and competitive despite the internal and external factors often affect the clinical industry. 1.Strategies for improving the performance and operation of the HRM From the case study, several gaps can be identified to contribute to the poor performance evident in the hospital. For instance, there is a poor relationship between the employees, poor management styles, lack of motivation and dedication towards duty, and poor employees welfare such as training and development that can ensure career development among the workforce. Therefore, the CEO of the hospital requires ensuring that he builds a strong working relationship between the senior managers as well as between the manager and the rest of the employees in the organization. Having a good relationship in the working place will also promote the relationship between the employees and patients, an aspect that will increase the rating of its performance as well as patient satisfaction level. It is as well necessary to ensure that the hospital adopts effective governance system, mechanisms, and structures that govern an essential department of the organization such as the fianc and the HR departments among others. For instance, the hospital has poor recording performance since the HR managers are not dedicated to conducting their roles and responsibilities within the organization. Effective governance structures will thus help the organization employs qualified individuals in respective positions by their abilities as defined by the goal oriented structures. The CEO also needs to focus on polishing the hospital to achieve a fragile organization level. In a systematic study, De Lange et al. (2015) denote that a fragile organization is a type of organization that is flexible enough to cope up with both internal and external challenges affecting its performance. The same study denotes that this a fragile organization can be developed by ensuring it creates a suitable learning environment equipped with programs that will impact the knowledge of the workers on challenges that are commonly encountered within the specific industry of operation. For instance, the HR department needs to ensure that the employees of the organization are well aware of health issues affecting the performance of various clinical setting such as disease resistance to drugs, etc. With the knowledge, they will be able to evaluate and understand the right strategies to be adopted to remain competitive and sustain their performance irrespective of the internal and externa l challenges that may affect the organization. 2.Building a sustainable resource capability The term sustainability has been defined in different ways by different authors depending on the topic or field of study. For instance, it is defined as the provision of all the goods and services that the consumers require in the day to day activities as asserted by Ulrich Dulebohn (2015). It can also be said to be the ability to balance the environmental, economic and social factors as reported by Young et al. (2015). With advancement in technology, increase in population, increase in infections, and drug resistance among other factors, it is evident that the society demands are increasing at an alarming rate that the environment can produce. As a result, it is required that the human resource managers understand the concept of sustainability for the benefit of the current and future organizational goals. In the case study, it is evident that the HR management in the first hospital has adopted poor strategic management styles with the HR executives having poor management skills, an aspect that affects the performance of the employees and the productivity of the organization. There are various roles that HR managers are expected to carry out in an organization. In a systematic study, Kramal (2014) points out that an organization can only achieve its goals when it has adopted proper strategic plans that will drive both the organization and the employees towards excellence. However, the CEO of the first hospital thus needs to ensure the hospital adopts suitable management programs that will ensure there are dedication and commitment among the HR managers. It is from focus and dedication that the sustainability can be achieved in the organization. In a systematic study, Jamali et al. (2015) point out that sustainability in an organization can be achieved through four primary factors that can as well be adopted by the hospital to ensure sustainability in the healthcare services is achieved like in the second hospital. These include improving the reputation of the brand, work place culture, improving the labor life-cycle, and the drive efficiency for the employees. Improving the labor cycle requires the HRM to ensure the employees are motivated towards professional success, an aspect that requires the hospital to work on their self-esteem through training and development as well as effective performance appraisal strategies. In other words, effective treatment of the workforce attracts admirable, talented, and performance oriented employees who will ensure there is sustainable service to the patients. It is the primary role of the HR to support a motivated and career development-oriented employee (Amui et al. 2017). The focus on the CEO should be on training of the senior managers to ensure the necessary dedication towards achievement is transferred to the rest of the employees. The organization as well needs to put in place policies and guidelines that monitor the productivity of the organization and identify areas that need improvement. The policies should focus on performance evaluation, staff welfare, targets for the employees, and customer satisfaction by the federal health standard that governs the hospital. These should include job promotions and meaningful incentives as eluded by Longoni, Golini Cagliano (2014). Training is also necessary to ensure the staffs get the necessary skills, knowledge, and mindset towards achieving sustainable professional services to their clients. Conclusion Even though the performance of the hospital is considered to be in its worst stages, it is not too late to change the scenario and put it among the most competitive in the area. Therefore, adopting the above operation management strategies within the organization will help in ensuring it achieves its set goals and objectives. Also, focusing on the above sustainability objectives will assist the management to ensure the hospital not only remain competitive but as well provides health services that meet the desires of the clients. References Amui, L. B. L., Jabbour, C. J. C., de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L., Kannan, D. (2017). Sustainability as a dynamic organizational capability: a systematic review and a future agenda toward a sustainable transition.Journal of Cleaner Production. De Lange, A. H., Kooij, D. T. A. M., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2015). Human resource management and sustainability at work across the lifespan: An integrative perspective.Facing the challenges of a multi-age workforce: A use-inspired approach. Ehnert, I., Parsa, S., Roper, I., Wagner, M., Muller-Camen, M. (2016). Reporting on sustainability and HRM: A comparative study of sustainability reporting practices by the world's largest companies.The International Journal of Human Resource Management. Florea, L., Cheung, Y. H., Herndon, N. C. (2013). For all good reasons: Role of values in organizational sustainability.Journal of Business Ethics. Longoni, A., Golini, R., Cagliano, R. (2014). The role of New Forms of Work Organization in developing sustainability strategies in operations.International Journal of Production Economic.. Jamali, D. R., El Dirani, A. M., Harwood, I. A. (2015). Exploring human resource management roles in corporate social responsibility: the CSR?HRM co?creation model.Business Ethics: A European Review. Kramar, R. (2014). Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management. Ulrich, D., Dulebohn, J. H. (2015). Are we there yet? What's next for HR?.Human Resource Management Review. Young, S., Leggat, S., Stanton, P., Bartram, T. (2015). Organisational development in a rural hospital in Australia.Australian Health Review.

Computerized Accounting free essay sample

The objectives of the report are to investigate the perceived threats of computerized accounting information systems (CAIS) and to discuss how the impact of these threats can be reduced. The report covers the 19 perceived threats of CAIS, preventive controls, detective controls, corrective controls and auditors’ attestation of internal controls. Examples of controls given are authentication, authorization, physical access control, host and application hardening, encryption, training, log analysis, intrusion detection system (IDS), security testing, computer emergency response team (CERT), the role of Chief Security Officer (CSO) and patch management. The types of analysis used in the report are historical and qualitative analysis. The most important and significant findings are that the perceived threats of CAIS can generally be categorized into 19 threats and the impact of all these threats can be reduced through the application of effective and unique preventive, detective, corrective controls particular to a business organization and auditors’ attestation of internal control. 1. Introduction The report is written to investigate the perceived threats of computerized accounting information systems (CAIS) and to discuss how these threats can be reduced. In doing so, there are a number of limitations encountered including the lack of recent research in the area of perceived threats to CAIS and its corresponding solutions to the problems in Australia. In general, the report lists the 19 perceived threats of CAIS and the fastest growing threats among these 19 threats, covers the discussion of preventive controls, detective controls and corrective controls which includes authentication, authorization, physical access control, host and application hardening, encryption, training, log analysis, intrusion detection system (IDS), security testing, computer emergency response team (CERT), the role of Chief Security Officer (CSO), patch management and covers the discussion of auditors’ attestation of internal control. 2. The perceived threats of CAIS Computerized accounting information systems (CAIS) have become the essential tools for conducting business as well as for bringing those in charge to account e. g. General Purpose Financial Report. Without the internet, they are already exposed to risks that may compromise the relevance and reliability of financial information, affecting the decisions made by various stakeholders. With the advent and advancement of internet, CAIS face additional threats that need to be addressed by not only auditors and IT personnel but also management and accountants (Beard Wen 2007). One important study in this area has identified 19 perceived threats or risks of CAIS: accidental entry of bad data by employees, intentional entry of bad data by employees, accidental destruction of data by employees, intentional destruction of data by employees, unauthorized access to the data and/or system by employees, unauthorized access to the data and/or system by outsiders, employees’ sharing passwords, natural disasters, disasters of human origin, introduction of computer viruses to the system, suppression or destruction of output, creation of fictitious or incorrect output, theft of data or information, unauthorized copying of output, unauthorized document visibility, unauthorized printing and distribution of data or information, directing prints and distributed information to people not entitled to receive, sensitive documents are handed down to non-security cleared personnel for shredding and interception of data transmission (Loch, Houston Warkentin 1992). Intern al control can be classified according to its purpose: preventive, detective and corrective controls. Preventive control is designed to prevent security incidents from happening. Detective control is device, technique and/or procedure to detect harm and security breaches in a timely manner whereas corrective control involves action to reverse the effects of harm and security breaches (Considine et al. 2008). 3. Preventive controls Several important examples of preventive control are authentication, authorization, physical access control, host and application hardening, encryption and training. Authentication is about verification of the identity of the person or device attempting to access the system e. g. passwords, PINs, smart cards, ID badges, fingerprints and voice recognition. Authorization is about restricting access of authenticated users to specific portions of the system and specifying the type of actions they are permitted to perform e. g. access control matrix. Good physical access control should include stationing a receptionist or a security guard at the main entrance while locking the other entrances to the building, visitor sign-in form, monitoring all entry/exit points through CCTV, locking rooms with important servers with card readers, numeric keypads or biometric devices and storing encrypted sensitive data on removable media (Romney Steinbart 2006). Firewalls, antivirus software, user account management, sound software design to prevent buffer overflow attack i. e. an attacker sends a program more data than it can handle and disabling of unnecessary programs and features to reduce potential point of attack due to flaws contained in the programs and features are typical examples of host and application hardening. Encryption protects sensitive accounting data by transforming plaintext into ciphertext in which the intruder needs to decrypt to understand the data. It is important to store a copy of the encryption keys which are used t o decrypt the ciphertext in a secure location. Employees should be trained to not share passwords, to not allow other people to follow them through restricted access entrances, to lock their laptops to an immovable objects, to direct and distribute relevant accounting information to people entitled to receive them and to hand down sensitive documents to security-cleared personnel for shredding (Romney Steinbart 2006). 4. Detective controls Preventive controls can never block all attacks, thus detective controls need to be implemented. Logs which form an audit trail of system access and actions that each user performs needs to be analyzed and examined routinely to detect problems. Intrusion detection system (IDS) could be installed to automate log analysis. It is a software and works by comparing logs to patterns of known attacks of CAIS and analyzing those logs for signs of attempted or successful intrusions. Management reports, that monitor the performance of information system controls i. e. COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology) framework that specifies 34 IT-related control objectives and key performance indicators, should be implemented. Another important techniques for effective detective controls are vulnerability scans and penetration test. Vulnerability scans are periodic security tests on CAIS using automated tools to identify any well-known vulnerabilities e. g. ability to crash CAIS by an intruder. Penetration test is an authorized attempt to compromise CAIS by either an external security consulting firm or an internal audit team e. g. authorized hacking, masquerading and piggybacking (Hall 2004). 5. Corrective controls Prevention and detection of attempted and successful intrusions are important but worthless if not followed by corrective controls. Establishment of computer emergency response team (CERT) to reduce the effects of harm and security breaches through recognition and containment of a problem, recovery of data through backup and reinstallation of corrupted programs and follow-up is essential for an effective corrective control and should involve technical specialists and senior operations management. The appointment of Chief Security Officer (CSO), who works to design, implement, promote sound security policies and procedures, disseminates information about fraud, errors, security breaches and other improper system uses and their consequences, works closely with the building security personnel and reports to the CEO, could be made. Patch management as an important corrective control could be used. Patch is code that fixes the system particular vulnerability and is released by software developers. Thus patch management is the activities that apply patches regularly and update all software used in the organization e. g. ntivirus, firewall, PeopleSoft, Windows 7 software (Jones Rama 2006). 6. Attestation of internal control In addition, Australian Auditing Standards (ASA) requires external auditors to do test of control for any organization that relies on CAIS for its financial reporting where the entity’s internal control is expected to be effective or where test of control is considered to be cost-effective. Otherwise more substantive tests need to be conducted to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. The use of computer-assisted audit techniques (CAAT) e. g. ACL and IDEA may allow the auditors to perform extensive substantive testing as cheaply as less extensive testing (Leung et al. 2009) In the US, the emerging trend is for companies to employ information system auditors to examine how a company’s computer systems safeguard assets and maintain the integrity of accounting data, database and financial information. This emerging trend is a direct result of the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) which assigns management and other personnel legal responsibilities to provide reasonable assurance for the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of external financial statements (Beard Wen 2007). 7. Conclusion There are 19 perceived threats of CAIS. The impact of these threats can be reduced through the application of effective and unique preventive controls, detective controls and corrective controls to a business organization and auditors’ attestation of internal control of a business organization. Important devices, tools, techniques and procedures that could be applied are authentication, authorization, physical access control, host and application hardening, encryption, training, log analysis, intrusion detection system (IDS), security testing, computer emergency response team (CERT), the role of Chief Security Officer (CSO) and patch management.