Evolution of Server-side Technologies

Evolution of Server-side TechnologiesChris AvgerinosIntroductionA fundamental change has been occurring for the extend-up the ghost fifteen years in the way plurality write calculating machine programs. Scripting languages such(prenominal) as Perl and Tcl replaced the strategy programming languages such as C and C++. on that point argon tremendous losss between the languages due to the event that scripting languages were designed for completely different tasks than system programming languages. The master(prenominal)(prenominal) operations of system programming languages are for building info structures and algorithms from the beginning employ elements such as words of memory. Scripting languages assume the sets of goodish components and connect them together. concern of complexity is the main use of system programming languages. On the different hand, scripting languages simplify connections between components and provide rapid operation development. (J.Ousterhout, 1998)The main concenter of this paper is the evolution of scripting languages and the improvements on meshing-applications.The history of Scripting LanguageScripting is as darkened as computers due to the concomitant that in order to use a computer you would need scripting. It begun in the 1950s and 60s were programmers subjected punch cards into central processor operators and the machines apply to ran in batch mode. The commencement ceremony scripting language was Job prevail Language (JCL) and while they were truly functional, their response time was very slow. (Delony, 2012)The opinion of scriptable shells came into practice in the 1960s when programmers started developing interactive time-sharing systems. One of the soonest projects was MULTICS and late when some of the Bell Labs programmers left the project, they created a nonher project called UNIX using their own system that they utilise in the MULTICS project. UNIX shells made it possible to do various complex tasks in one crimp of shell grave using the major power to send the output of one program into the input of an some otherwise. (Delony, 2012)In 1987, Larry Wall created Perl which was normal in the 90s for creating web-applications. Languages such as Python and carmine were invented and Python was the main rival of Perl. (Delony, 2012)Application areasIn this section of the paper, we are divergence to categorize these languages in order to analyze them correctly. The four main categories are Command, Application, Markup and cosmopolitan scripting languages.Command scripting languagesThese are the oldest class of scripting languages appearing in 1960 when on that point was a great need for programs and task control double-deckers. As we say before, the most famous of the earliest languages was JCL which was created for IBM OS/360 operating systems. We have overly Sed and Awk which were text-processing languages. These languages were the first to include regular express ion matching and later employ into Perl. (A.Kanavin, 2002)Application scripting languagesThese languages were created in 1980s. Such a language was Microsoft-created Visual sanctioned and later crated its subset Visual basic for application programming. It emphasizes on user interface programming and component embedding. Later on, earlier languages such as newsworthiness Basic and Excel Macro Language were replaced by VBA as the main language for programming Microsoft office suite. Its influence spread and soon VBScript and LotusScript fitting these changes.Table 1 Command Scripting LanguagesIn this class we have as well as JavaScript which is client parts of web-programming projects. This language has a few dialects such as Jscript and it was first introduced in the Netscape Navigator 2.0 browser. (A.Kanavin, 2002)Table 2 Command Scripting LanguagesMarkup LanguagesMarkup languages differ from the other languages due to the fact that they are not programming languages quite a than special command words called tags that markup parts of text documents which later used by programs called processors and had the ability to trans manakin a text so it could be displayed in the browser or converting it to some other data format. The main use of Markup languages is the separation of contents and structures. In addition, they include formatting commands and interactive objects into documents. (A.Kanavin, 2002)In 1969, GML (Generic markup Language) was the first Markup language that was created by IBM. Based on the vagary of GML, ISO created a standard called SGML in 1986. Among the Markup languages, TeX, HTML and XHTML became the most know languages. In 1979, Donald Knuth, created Tex which was essentially designed precise description of how the documents look overlooking the complexity of the structure. This language aim at people who do not necessarily need to know how to program in contrast with Postscript, which was created by Adobe. In the scientific com munity, TeX achieved enormous popularity because it commode fulfil the need for high-quality version of complex formulas.HTML is the basic language of the World Wide Web. It is basically an SGML application.XML is a naiver and streamlined version of SGML which emphasizes on transporting, storing data and exchange data between all kinds of systems. It is used for transforming complex data and hierarchical storing data. HTML was redefined in the terms of XML in 2001 and it was called XHTML. (A.Kanavin, 2002)Table 3 Markup LanguagesUniversal scripting languagesIn this class, we have the languages that are well-know and were originally created for the UNIX environment. However, the goals were very different. The Perl programming language was made for report generation but it became known for its enormous popularity is the ability to write simple and efficient CGI scripts for forming dynamic web pages.First, Python was a tool for accessing system services of the experimental operating system Amoeba but later on, it became an object-oriented scripting language. Applications languages exist that are used by Microsoft.NET platform.Tcl was mainly used as an application extension but it was first created as string processing and close integrating with Tk library. It differs from Perl and Python because it relies on C and C++ extensions. Other languages appeared with web services. PHP is the most popular language and is a combination of HTML and traditional programming procedures. (A.Kanavin, 2002)Table 4 Universal Scripting LanguagesLanguages over affectPythonPython is an object-oriented language which provides high-level data structures. For example, associative arrays, dynamic typing and binding, etcetera Python is a powerful programming language that has a flexible and simple syntax. In 1990, Guido van Rossum created Python and since and then it is free and bathroom be flood on any computer.Python is modular by nature meaning that the core group of Python ca n be extended by importing new extensions. unhomogeneous standard extensions for operations such as script manipulations and Perl-like extensions are include in the Python distribution. muchover, it has Graphical User Interface (GUI) generators, web-related utilities, operating system services, etc. Furthermore, we can create new extensions with new or old inscribe. There has been a remarkable amount of extensions that have been created such as GADFLY, which is an SQL database manager written in Python, PIL the Python imaging library, FNORB, OmniBorker, Numeric Python, etc.(Sanner, 1999)Figure 1 The corpuscle viewer application showing the protein Carmbin (1crn) with its secondary structure shown as a ribbon. The molecular surfaces corresponding to helix1 and sheet2 are displayed and colored using, respectively the RASMOL residue food coloring scheme and the by atom type coloring scheme. Some winding down menus have been torn off to show the commands they provide. This set of c ommands can be extended dynamically by loading modules and commands from libraries.(Sanner, 1999)PerlPerl was created in 1986 by Larry Wall and is basically a combination of C and various UNIX utilities and the whatsis of shell scripting. Some of the languages strength is easily accessing regular expressions, lists, associative arrays, the ability to treat any value as a string, resource heed has become automatic. And if you want to create something, you can do it with many ways. This is called TIMTOWTDI (There Is More Than One Way To Do It).In order to handle complexity, you can use object-orientation. However, some languages force the use of it and usually add unessential complexity to almost all(prenominal) project. To tackle this problem, Perl added support for objects it did so in a way that complex modeling can be achieved if needed.(Chip, n.d.)/usr/ local anaesthetic/bin/perl$ calculate = 0while () w = split$count++for ($i=0 $i$s$i += $w$ifor ($i=0 $i bell ringer $s$i/$co unt, tprint nThis is a simple script that computes the honest of each column in a table of data. It shows one usual usage read in the data and split each line directly to words and store these words in an array. articulateThe say language is designed for symbolic data processing using differential coefficient and integral calculus, electrical circuit theory, mathematical logic, game playing and other various fields of artificial intelligence. Since LISP is mathematical language, it is possible to give a complete description of it. It is different from other languages in ternary ways. First of all, it differs in the nature of the data. S-expressions are data arc in the form of symbolic expressions. Significant sub-expressions can be readily separated due to the fact that S-expressions have indefinite length and a fork-like tree type of structure. The source of the language itself is the second difference from the other languages because it specifies in what way the S-expressio ns are to be processed. The third and final difference of LISP is that it can interpret and execute programs written in the form of S-expressions.(McCarthy, 1965)(defparameter *small* 1)(defparameter *big* 100)(defun guess-my- heel ()(ash (+ *small* *big*) -1))(defun smaller ()(setf *big* (1- (guess-my-number)))(guess-my-number))(defun large ()(setf *small* (1+ (guess-my-number)))(guess-my-number))(defun start-over ()(defparameter *small* 1)(defparameter *big* 100)(guess-my-number))This is a super simple number guessing game. Its also designed to illustrate what its like to work deep down a REPL.Improving Web Application performanceThe need for Client-Side ScriptingNowadays, people expect that web applications function just like a windows application due to the fact that web applications have become more powerful and sophisticated. Basically, web applications reside the source code and assemblies and are processed on a web boniface. What a web server does is that it accepts an in coming HTTP demand and then it returns the requested resource in an HTTP response. (Fote, 2013)The process of submitting an ASP.NET page to the server for processing is called PostBack. The HTML page is sent to the web server every time a PostBack happens. What happens is this the server loads the page, it processes events and renders the new HTML subscribe to the client but on a PostBack the entire page is refreshed. collect to the fact that large web applications consume large amount of view state, it can be very consuming for the client and as a result it will become a major problem for the web server. (Fote, 2013)Inside a clients HTML page, there are embedded scripts which are called Client-Side scripting. What it does is that the code will be processed on the client machine rather than perform a PostBack to the web-server. Moreover, it is basically used for navigating on pages, date validation and formatting and the language that is used is JavaScript which is compatible to any browser. Client-Side scripting has two benefits. The first is that it is very fast and the second is that it requires fewer resources an the web-server. (Fote, 2013)AjaxPart of Ajax is an object called XMLHttpRequest. What Ajax does is that it makes possible the transfer of data between the browser and the server, using XMLHttpRequest API, without having to reload the web page. This object quickly become popular and web applications such as Google acts and Gmail were created using XMLHttpRequest to get new map titles without reloading the page.The requests that Ajax uses, are triggered by JavaScript code. This is what happens your code sends a request to a universal resource locator, and then it receives a response, that triggers a callback function to handle the response. The rest of the code continues to execute while the request is being process due to the fact that the request is asynchronous.(Ajax jQuery Learning Center, n.d.)ConclusionTo conclude, server-side technologie s have been greatly evolved over the years. Languages such as Python, HTML and Perl have raised the standards of scripting languages. Web applications have been ameliorate with the help of Client-Side technologies such as Ajax which played a significant single-valued function in the improvement of web applications. I believe that in the next we will see new languages that will surpass the current languages by far.ReferencesA.Kanavin, An overview of scripting languages (2002) Lappeenranta University of Technology online addressable at http//www.sensi.org/ak/impit/studies/report.pdf Date of Access 25/3/2014Ajax jQuery Learning Center, n.d.Chip, n.d. The ascent of scripting languages. Geeks Are Sexy Technol. News.Delony, D., 2012. Scripting Languages 101 WWW Document. Techopedia.com. URL http//www.techopedia.com/2/28762/development/programming-languages/scripting-languages-101 (accessed 3.12.14).Fote, B., 2013. How Does Client-Side Scripting Improve Web Application Performance? WW W Document. Segue Technol. URL http//www.seguetech.com/blog/2013/02/07/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-client-side-scripting (accessed 3.13.14).J.Ousterhout, Scripting Higher Level Programming for the 21st Century (1998) Tcl Developer Xchange online Available at http//www.tcl.tk/doc/scripting.html Date of Access 25/3/2014McCarthy, J., 1965. LISP 1.5 Programmers Manual. MIT Press.Sanner, M.F., 1999. Python a programming language for software integration and development. J Mol Graph Model 17, 5761.